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Korolev bureau

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AKA: Korolev;NII-88;NPO Energia;OKB-1;RKK Energia (1976);RSC Energia im S P Korolev;RSC Energia imeni S P Korolev;TsKBEM (1965). Location: Kaliningrad.

The Korolev bureau developed Russia's first ballistic missile, its first ICBM, the world's first Sputnik and first manned spacecraft. After his premature death in 1966 Korolev's successors continued to enjoy high visibility and large budgets for the Soyuz spacecraft, the Salyut and Mir space stations, and the Energia launch vehicle. However the celebrity disguised the fact that before his death Korolev had spun off almost all other space work and that other bureaus were responsible for all of the actual operational space launchers and satellites of the Soviet Union.

Korolev's bureau originated in 1946 as Section 3 of the SKB (Special Design Bureau) of NII-88 (scientific research institute). Korolev was tasked with copying the German V-2 and further development of ballistic missiles. As the work grew, Korolev's organization became reorganized at higher levels. In 1950 Section 3 became OKB-1 (Research Design Bureau) of NII-88. In 1953 Korolev was given responsibility for developing the world's first ICBM. On August 14, 1956, OKB-1 become an independent design bureau. On the basis of the R-7 Korolev was able to achieve a series of space 'first' from 1957-1965 that kept the Soviet Union in the lead of the space race. In 1964 Korolev plunged into the task of building the N1 superbooster and beating the Americans to the moon.

Throughout his career Korolev had spun off new bureau to handle further design of technologies that did not contribute to his ultimate goal - manned colonization of the planets. Generally after testing a prototype of each new technology Korolev would find a new bureau to further develop the technology. These spin-offs included:

• After testing the R-1, R-2, and R-5 ballistic missiles, OKB-586 was established in 1954 under Yangel in Dnepropetrovsk to handle further development of intermediate range ballistic missiles.
• In 1955, after testing the R-11, further development of short-range and sea-launched ballistic missiles was transferred to SKB-385 under Makeyev at Miass.
• In 1959, after completion of flight testing of the R-7, production engineering responsibility for the ICBM was transferred to Kozlov at a filial of OKB-1 in Samara. Kozlov was given responsibility for design of future R-7 derivatives in 1964. His branch became an independent design bureau in 1976.
• Following flight test of the first version, Kozlov was also given design responsibility for Zenit photoreconnaissance satellites.
• In 1964 all work on the Molniya and all future communications and navigation satellites was transferred to Reshetnev at OKB-10.
• In 1965 all further development of unmanned lunar and interplanetary probes was transferred to the Lavochkin OKB.

Having cleared the boards in order to concentrate on developing the N1 and landing Soviet men on the moon and Mars, Korolev died suddenly in January 1966.

As part of a reorganization of the Soviet defense industry after Khrushchev's overthrow, OKB-1 was renamed TsKBEM (Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine-building) on March 6, 1966. Korolev's deputy Mishin was named Chief Designer two months later. Following the collapse of the N1 project in 1974 Mishin was removed and replaced by rocket engine maker Glushko.

Glushko managed a combined organization, NPO Energia, composed of the former OKB-1 and Glushko's own OKB-456 rocket engine bureau. From 1976-1985 NPO Energia also included KB Salyut, a space station design group taken from Chelomei's Almaz program. Glushko died in January 1989. OKB-456 again was split off to make NPO Energomash. Semenov was named as General Designer of he remaining part, still called NPO Energia.

The remarkable fact is that despite its public role as the 'pre-eminent Soviet space design bureau' the organization flew very little hardware after Korolev's death. His successor Mishin oversaw four failed launches of the N1 before the entire project was cancelled. Glushko was put in charge of developing a replacement heavy lift vehicle, the Energia. This flew but twice before the collapse of the Soviet Union. None of Glushko's plans for space or lunar bases were ever funded.

Korolev's bureau did manage to achieve a high profile by operating the visible Soviet manned space program - the Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz, Salyut, and Mir projects. These however were funded at a relatively low level and used equipment developed for secret military projects in the late 1960's (Almaz and Soyuz-S).

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 86 km (53 mi). Range achieved 206.7 km. Destroyed during ballistic portion of flight..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). Range achieved 231.4 km. Tore loose from launch stand; flew 180 km left of planned target..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 14 km (8 mi). Range achieved 29.4 km..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 87 km (54 mi). Range achieved 274.3 km. Achieved objectives..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi). Range achieved 2 km..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 88 km (54 mi). Range achieved 260 km. Achieved objective..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi). Range achieved 2.3 km..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 89 km (55 mi). Range achieved 268 km. Met objectives..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 11 km (6 mi). Range achieved 24.4 km..

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 89 km (55 mi).

• Soviet V-2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 89 km (55 mi). Range achieved 270 km. Broke up on re-entry..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi). First of 9 rockets of first test series. Veered 51 degrees from flight path..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 300 km. Successful flight..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Ninth and last launch of first R-1 test series..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

  Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 200 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0612 local time. The launches were first made public by Tass on March 27, 1958: 'In May 1949 a single-stage Russian rocket attained an altitude of 109 km with an instrument payload of 120 to 130 kg'.

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 279.6 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 1857 local time..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 210 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0548 local time..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 320 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0055 local time..

• FIAR-1 Test/Aeronomy mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 32.9 km. Vertical launch. Expected range 22 km. Launched at 0440 local time. Carried two 85 kg Physical Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary (FIAR-1) containers, but they were not recovered..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

  Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 31.9 km. Vertical launch. Expected range 22 km. Launched at 0450 local time. Carried two 85 kg Physical Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary (FIAR-1) containers, which were recovered but damaged; no science resulted

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch of second series - 10 preproduction and 11 prototype rockets available. A total of 20 were fired; six failures in 16 launches..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Modification of R-1 missile to test R-2 concepts (integral fuel tank and seperable warhead). Range achieved 541.3 km. Deviation from aim point -0.2 km. Launched at 1416 local time..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 562.2 km. Deviation from aim point -9.3 km. Launched at 1449 local time..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 324.1 km. Deviation from aim point -11.4 km. Launched at 1400 local time..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 569.8 km. Deviation from aim point -0.8 km. Launched at 0905 local time..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 9 km. Deviation from aim point 1.7 km. Launched at 1545 local time..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last and 20th launch in second R-1 test series..

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). First launch to full range..

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). First launch in first test series of protoype missiles..

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). Twelfth and final launch in prototype test series. All missiles failed to reach targets..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch in winter test series. Carried dogs..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last launch in winter test series..

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch in quality assurance test series of operational missiles..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last launch in quality assurance test series of operational missiles..

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). First launch in second test series..

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First Soviet rocket flight with animals (dogs Dezik and Zhegan). Maximum Altitude - 100 km. Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed..

• Second series test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). Thirteenth and last launch of the second series. 12 of the 13 reached their targets..

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Electrical failure. No payload recovery. Carried dogs..

• Test / solar ultraviolet / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs..

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs..

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Smoke container functioned; Instruments recovered..

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs..

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). First launch of production quality assurance test series..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Third series controlled test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). 14th and last launch in quality assurance testing. 12 of the 14 reached their targets..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi).

  Unsuccessful. First Phase I trials launch of the 8 remaining rockets of the first production lot were fired, of which 6 reached the target area. The first launch was on 15 March 1953. The first successful flight was on 2 April 1953. The first full range flight came on 19 April 1953.

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). Of the 8 rockets of the first production lot fired, 6 reached the target area..

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

  Massive problems were encountered in the difficult test series - with poor-quality kerosene fuel, handling and leakage of the propellants, and reliable start of the engine. But the Red Army saw much more promise in the design than in Korolev's cumbersome liquid oxygen rockets.

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). Range achieved 270 km. First test launch of R-5..

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase I state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). Completion of first series of 8 R-5 flight tests. 2 achieved 270 km range, 5, 1200 km range, and one, 550 km range..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• State trials Phase 2 launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). Through December 1953 there were 7 Phase II launches, one of which was unsuccessful. A maximum range of 1185 km was reached..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 2 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NII-88 Production - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). 10th and last launch in production missile series, 8 successes.

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• NII-88 Production - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• NII-88 Production - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). First launch of series production missile..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• NII-88 Production - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• First production series test launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test / biology / ionosphere / aeronomy mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 106 km (65 mi).

• Test / biology / ionosphere / aeronomy mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs Lyza and Ryjik..

• Test / biology / ionosphere / aeronomy mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload recovered; left animal container, smoke container..

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

  Through February 1955 the state acceptance trials for the production missile were conducted. 19 launches were made, 10 of which passed the acceptance criteria, 5 did not, and 4 were used for test of the new radio-correction guidance system. This used the R-5R variant of the missile; one of those four tests was unsuccessful.

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• State trials Phase III launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). The second phase in August-November 1955 consisted of 10 successful launches at ranges of 1083 to 1190 km. This cleared the way for a final test series leading to the first rocket-delivered test of a Soviet atomic bomb..

• State trials Phase III launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• State trials Phase III launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload section deployed at 22 seconds. Left animal container recovered. Carried dogs..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• ZI test launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). The first phase of flight trials were conducted from 21 January to July 1955. Of the 14 launches, 13 were successful..

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test / biology mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). No recovery. Carried dogs..

• Phase 3 state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• ZI test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• State trials missile test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• PI state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• PI state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• PI state trials launch - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). The third test series was conducted from the Project 611 submarine B-67 through 13 October 1955 in the White Sea. This demonstrated launches from a pitching surfaced vessel and a total range of 150 km..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Certification test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Certification test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Certification test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

• Certification test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). The series of 5 launches began on 11 January 1956 with launch of a dummy warhead..

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs..

• Biology / solar ultraviolet mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs..

• Biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs..

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 0 km (0 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Operational test - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• SOI Solar ultraviolet mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Ionosphere / biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 206 km (128 mi).

• Ionosphere / biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 185 km (114 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Ionosphere / biological mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 212 km (131 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Test mission - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Carried dogs (Otvazhnaya and one unnamed). - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 212 km (131 mi).

• Carried dogs, final operational R-2A launch. - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 212 km (131 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• NIIP-A target - . Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

• Sputnik 25 - . Payload: E-6 s/n 1. Mass: 1,422 kg (3,134 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Luna. Class: Moon. Type: Lunar probe. Spacecraft: Luna E-6. Decay Date: 1963-01-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 522 . COSPAR: 1963-001B. Apogee: 189 km (117 mi). Perigee: 165 km (102 mi). Inclination: 64.60 deg. Period: 88.00 min.

• Cosmos 13 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 9. Mass: 4,700 kg (10,300 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-03-29 . USAF Sat Cat: 554 . COSPAR: 1963-006A. Apogee: 303 km (188 mi). Perigee: 214 km (132 mi). Inclination: 65.20 deg. Period: 89.60 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Also performed radiation measurements..

• Cosmos 15 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 8. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 5.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-04-27 . USAF Sat Cat: 569 . COSPAR: 1963-011A. Apogee: 336 km (208 mi). Perigee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 89.80 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Also carried weather, radiation experiments..

• Cosmos 16 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 10. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 10.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-05-08 . USAF Sat Cat: 571 . COSPAR: 1963-012A. Apogee: 379 km (235 mi). Perigee: 201 km (124 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 90.30 min. Program partially completed. Part of the information lost due to failure of engine block stabilization system. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Also performed radiation measurements..

• Cosmos 18 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 11. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 9.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-06-02 . USAF Sat Cat: 586 . COSPAR: 1963-018A. Apogee: 269 km (167 mi). Perigee: 212 km (131 mi). Inclination: 64.60 deg. Period: 89.30 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Also performed radiation measurements..

• Cosmos 20 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 13. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-10-26 . USAF Sat Cat: 673 . COSPAR: 1963-040A. Apogee: 296 km (183 mi). Perigee: 201 km (124 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 89.40 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Polet 1; Polyot 1 - . Payload: I-2B s/n 1. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Related Persons: Chelomei. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Military. Type: Anti-satellite system. Spacecraft Bus: Kosmoplan. Spacecraft: Polyot. Decay Date: 1982-10-16 . USAF Sat Cat: 683 . COSPAR: 1963-043A. Apogee: 1,420 km (880 mi). Perigee: 331 km (205 mi). Inclination: 58.90 deg. Period: 102.40 min.

  ASAT interceptor control and propulsion test. Launched by Korolev R-7 because Chelomei's own UR-200 was not yet available. Purpose - elaboration of system providing for the extensive manoeuvring of space apparatuses. Flight was considered a great success. Micro-engine fired 350 times and main stabilizing engine fired 300 times. Orbit given is final orbit after manoeuvres.

• Cosmos 21 - . Payload: 3MV-1A s/n 1. Mass: 890 kg (1,960 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Mars. Class: Venus. Type: Venus probe. Spacecraft Bus: 3MV. Spacecraft: Venera 3MV-1A. Decay Date: 1963-11-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 687 . COSPAR: 1963-044A. Apogee: 231 km (143 mi). Perigee: 192 km (119 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.70 min. The stage with payload remained in Earth orbit as Cosmos-51 and burnt up on re-entry..

• Cosmos 22 - . Payload: Zenit-4 no. 1. Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-4. Duration: 6.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-11-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 689 . COSPAR: 1963-045A. Apogee: 376 km (233 mi). Perigee: 193 km (119 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 90.20 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.

• Cosmos 24 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 15. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 9.00 days. Decay Date: 1963-12-28 . USAF Sat Cat: 712 . COSPAR: 1963-052A. Apogee: 391 km (242 mi). Perigee: 204 km (126 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 90.50 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Elektron 1 - . Payload: 2D s/n 1. Mass: 329 kg (725 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Elektron. Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere satellite. Spacecraft: Elektron-A. USAF Sat Cat: 746 . COSPAR: 1964-006A. Apogee: 6,439 km (4,001 mi). Perigee: 413 km (256 mi). Inclination: 60.90 deg. Period: 161.00 min.

  Studied inner Van Allen belt. Electron I and II launched by a single carrier rocket. Electron I: simultaneous study of the Earth's inner and outer radiation belts, cosmic rays and upper atmosphere. Electron II: simultaneous study of the Earth's inner and outer radiation belts, cosmic rays and outer space.

• Elektron 2 - . Payload: 2D s/n 2. Mass: 444 kg (978 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Elektron. Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere satellite. Spacecraft: Elektron-B. Decay Date: 1997-04-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 748 . COSPAR: 1964-006B. Apogee: 62,811 km (39,028 mi). Perigee: 5,611 km (3,486 mi). Inclination: 60.20 deg. Period: 1,356.40 min.

  Studied outer Van Allen belt. Electron I and II launched by a single carrier rocket. Electron I: simultaneous study of the Earth's inner and outer radiation belts, cosmic rays and upper atmosphere. Electron II: simultaneous study of the Earth's inner and outer radiation belts, cosmic rays and outer space.

• Cosmos 27 - . Payload: 3MV-1 s/n 3. Mass: 890 kg (1,960 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Venera. Class: Venus. Type: Venus probe. Spacecraft Bus: 3MV. Spacecraft: Venera 3MV-1. Decay Date: 1964-03-29 . USAF Sat Cat: 772 . COSPAR: 1964-014A. Apogee: 209 km (129 mi). Perigee: 197 km (122 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.50 min. The stage with payload remained in Earth orbit as Cosmos-27..

• Zond 1 - . Payload: 3MV-1 s/n 4. Mass: 890 kg (1,960 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Venera. Class: Venus. Type: Venus probe. Spacecraft Bus: 3MV. Spacecraft: Venera 3MV-1. USAF Sat Cat: 785 . COSPAR: 1964-016D. Failed Venus probe. Solar Orbit (Heliocentric). Elaboration of a long range space system and conduct of scientific research..

• Cosmos 28 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 16. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-04-12 . USAF Sat Cat: 779 . COSPAR: 1964-017A. Apogee: 373 km (231 mi). Perigee: 213 km (132 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 90.40 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Polet 2; Polyot 2 - . Payload: I-2B s/n 2. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Military. Type: Anti-satellite system. Spacecraft Bus: Kosmoplan. Spacecraft: Polyot. Decay Date: 1966-06-08 . USAF Sat Cat: 783 . COSPAR: 1964-019A. Apogee: 479 km (297 mi). Perigee: 303 km (188 mi). Inclination: 58.10 deg. Period: 92.30 min. ASAT interceptor control and propulsion test. Elaboration of systems providing for the extensive manouevring of space apparatuses..

• Cosmos 29 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 19. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 7.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-05-02 . USAF Sat Cat: 791 . COSPAR: 1964-021A. Apogee: 292 km (181 mi). Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 89.50 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 30 - . Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-4. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-05-26 . USAF Sat Cat: 797 . COSPAR: 1964-023A. Apogee: 366 km (227 mi). Perigee: 206 km (128 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 90.30 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.

• Cosmos 32 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 18. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-06-18 . USAF Sat Cat: 807 . COSPAR: 1964-029A. Apogee: 322 km (200 mi). Perigee: 205 km (127 mi). Inclination: 51.30 deg. Period: 89.80 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 33 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 20. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-07-01 . USAF Sat Cat: 816 . COSPAR: 1964-033A. Apogee: 279 km (173 mi). Perigee: 205 km (127 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.40 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 34 - . Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-4. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-07-09 . USAF Sat Cat: 822 . COSPAR: 1964-034A. Apogee: 342 km (212 mi). Perigee: 201 km (124 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.90 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule.

• Elektron 3 - . Payload: 2D s/n 3. Mass: 350 kg (770 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Elektron. Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere satellite. Spacecraft: Elektron-A. USAF Sat Cat: 829 . COSPAR: 1964-038A. Apogee: 6,302 km (3,915 mi). Perigee: 408 km (253 mi). Inclination: 60.90 deg. Period: 159.30 min. Studied inner Van Allen belt. Electron 3 and 4 launched by a single carrier rocket. Simultaneous study of the inner and outer radiation belts of the earth, cosmic rays and the upper atmosphere. .

• Elektron 4 - . Payload: 2D s/n 4. Mass: 444 kg (978 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Elektron. Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere satellite. Spacecraft: Elektron-B. Decay Date: 1983-10-12 . USAF Sat Cat: 830 . COSPAR: 1964-038B. Apogee: 66,269 km (41,177 mi). Perigee: 447 km (277 mi). Inclination: 60.80 deg. Period: 1,313.80 min. Studied outer Van Allen belt. Electron 3 and 4 launched by a single carrier rocket. Simultaneous study of the inner and outer radiation belts of the earth, cosmic rays and the upper atmosphere. .

• Cosmos 35 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 21. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-07-23 . USAF Sat Cat: 833 . COSPAR: 1964-039A. Apogee: 258 km (160 mi). Perigee: 218 km (135 mi). Inclination: 51.30 deg. Period: 89.20 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 37 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 22. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-08-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 848 . COSPAR: 1964-044A. Apogee: 240 km (140 mi). Perigee: 208 km (129 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 88.90 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Program partially completed. Break in the film fof the SA-10 camera..

• Cosmos 41 - . Payload: Molniya-1. Mass: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Molniya. Class: Communications. Type: Military communications satellite. Spacecraft Bus: KAUR-2. Spacecraft: Molniya-1. Decay Date: 2004-04-09 . USAF Sat Cat: 869 . COSPAR: 1964-049D. Apogee: 39,169 km (24,338 mi). Perigee: 1,023 km (635 mi). Inclination: 68.40 deg. Period: 714.50 min.

  Successful launch of first Soviet communications satellite. This is the second Molniya launch attempt. (the first was a launch failure). The failure of the antennae to deploy means the spacecraft can only be tested in a limited manner and cannot be used for the planned relay of television.

• Cosmos 44 - . Payload: Meteor no. 1. Mass: 4,730 kg (10,420 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Earth. Type: Weather satellite. Spacecraft: Meteor. USAF Sat Cat: 876 . COSPAR: 1964-053A. Apogee: 778 km (483 mi). Perigee: 599 km (372 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 98.50 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. .

• Cosmos 45 - . Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Nation: Russia. Related Persons: Korolev. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Voskhod. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Flight: Voskhod 1. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-4. Duration: 5.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-09-18 . USAF Sat Cat: 880 . COSPAR: 1964-055A. Apogee: 311 km (193 mi). Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.60 min.

  High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; also carried weather experiments. The Zenit-4 launches a day ahead of schedule. The booster rocket performs perfectly as Korolev and Kamanin watch from the veranda of the IP-1 tracking station. This confirms readiness of the same launch vehicle for the Voskhod launch.

• Cosmos 46 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 23. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-10-02 . USAF Sat Cat: 885 . COSPAR: 1964-059A. Apogee: 264 km (164 mi). Perigee: 211 km (131 mi). Inclination: 51.30 deg. Period: 89.20 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Demonstration launch witnessed by Khrushchev..

• Cosmos 47 - . Payload: Voskhod 3KV s/n 2. Mass: 5,320 kg (11,720 lb). Nation: Russia. Related Persons: Kirillov, Korolev, Rudenko, Tyulin. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Voskhod. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spacecraft. Flight: Voskhod 1. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Voskhod. Duration: 1.01 days. Decay Date: 1964-10-07 . USAF Sat Cat: 891 . COSPAR: 1964-062A. Apogee: 383 km (237 mi). Perigee: 174 km (108 mi). Inclination: 64.60 deg. Period: 90.10 min.

  Unmanned test of Voskhod spacecraft. At 07:00 the State Commission meets at Area 2. All Chief Designers, Commanders, and Section report that all is ready for flight. The commission gives the order to proceed with the launch. Weather at the pad is 7 balls, 8-10 m/s wind with gusts to 15 m/s, temperature 9 to 12 deg C. Weather in the recovery zones is reported as winds up to 15 m/s. Weather in the recovery zone is not clear, but that is not considered an impediment, and in fact Kamanin would like to see how the landing system functions in bad conditions. Kamanin visits the pad at T-30 seconds; at T-20 seconds, the veranda at IP-1 has over 50 viewers of the launch, including 15 cosmonaut candidates and the 7 Voskhod cosmonauts. Kamanin is relegated to the IP-1 veranda this time, with Rudenko, Kirillov, and Tyulin the bunker adjacent to the pad. Korolev stays with the booster until T-5 minutes, then enters the bunker. The booster ignites precisely at 10:00; the strap-ons burn out and are jettisoned at T+120 seconds; the core burns out and the final stage ignites at T+290 seconds; and at T+523 seconds spacecraft 3KV number 2 is placed in orbit as the final stage shuts down. The spacecraft separates and all systems look normal.

  Recovered October 7, 1964 7:28 GMT. Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

• Cosmos 48 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 24. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 6.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-10-20 . USAF Sat Cat: 908 . COSPAR: 1964-066A. Apogee: 284 km (176 mi). Perigee: 204 km (126 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 89.30 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Program partially completed. Returned early due to failure of spacecraft thermoregulation system; internal temperature rose to 43 degrees C..

• Cosmos 50 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 25. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1964-11-05 . USAF Sat Cat: 919 . COSPAR: 1964-070A. Apogee: 232 km (144 mi). Perigee: 190 km (110 mi). Inclination: 51.20 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Unsuccessful mission. Failure of the braking engine system. Spacecraft ordered to self destruct..

• Zond 2 - . Payload: 3MV-4A s/n 2. Mass: 890 kg (1,960 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Mars. Class: Mars. Type: Mars probe. Spacecraft Bus: 3MV. Spacecraft: Mars 3MV-4A. USAF Sat Cat: 945 . COSPAR: 1964-078C.

  Mars probe intended to photograph Mars on a flyby trajectory. Zond 2 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards Mars to test space-borne systems and to carry out scientific investigations. Zond 2 carried six electric rocket engines of plasma type that served as actuators of the attitude control system. The communications system failed during April 1965. The spacecraft flew by Mars on August 6, 1965, at a distance of 1500 km.

• Cosmos 52 - . Payload: Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 26. Mass: 4,720 kg (10,400 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Zenit-2 satellite. Duration: 8.00 days. Decay Date: 1965-01-19 . USAF Sat Cat: 968 . COSPAR: 1965-001A. Apogee: 298 km (185 mi). Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 89.50 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 57 - . Payload: Voskhod 3KD s/n 1. Mass: 5,682 kg (12,526 lb). Nation: Russia. Related Persons: Korolev. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Voskhod. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spacecraft. Flight: Voskhod 2. Spacecraft Bus: Vostok. Spacecraft: Voskhod. Duration: 0.22 days. Decay Date: 1965-02-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 1093 . COSPAR: 1965-012A. Apogee: 708 km (439 mi). Perigee: 159 km (98 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 93.20 min.

  Unsuccessful mission. Voskhod 2 test. Immediately after orbital insertion airlock and spacesuit inflated normally. Then two ground control stations sent commands to the spacecraft simultaneously. The combined signals accidentally set off the retrofire sequence, which some time later triggered the self destruct mechanism (designed to prevent the spacecraft from falling into enemy hands).
  Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. Additional Details: here....

• Cosmos 58 - . Payload: Meteor no. 2. Mass: 4,730 kg (10,420 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Class: Earth. Type: Weather satellite. Spacecraft: Meteor. Decay Date: 1990-02-25 . USAF Sat Cat: 1097 . COSPAR: 1965-014A. Apogee: 345 km (214 mi). Perigee: 333 km (206 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 91.30 min. Probable weather satellite. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. .

• Cosmos 111 - . Payload: Ye-6S s/n 204. Mass: 6,540 kg (14,410 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Luna. Class: Moon. Type: Lunar probe. Spacecraft Bus: Luna E-6. Spacecraft: Luna E-6S. Decay Date: 1966-03-03 . USAF Sat Cat: 2093 . COSPAR: 1966-017A. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). Perigee: 168 km (104 mi). Inclination: 51.80 deg. Period: 88.00 min.

• Luna 10 - . Payload: E-6S s/n 206 ISL. Mass: 1,597 kg (3,520 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Luna. Class: Moon. Type: Lunar probe. Spacecraft Bus: Luna E-6. Spacecraft: Luna E-6S. USAF Sat Cat: 2126 . COSPAR: 1966-027A.

  Lunar Orbit (Selenocentric). Development of system to permit the creation of an artificial lunar satellite for the investigation of circumlunar space; development of onboard systems for putting a station into a selenocentric (circumlunar) orbit. Orbit: Lunar Orbiter. The Luna 10 spacecraft was launched towards the Moon from an Earth orbiting platform. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit 3 50 x 1017 km, inclination 71.9 deg to plane of the lunar equator. on April 4, 1966. Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3--3 MeV, a triaxial magnetometer, a meteorite detector, instruments for solar-plasma studies, and devices for measuring infrared emissions from the Moon and radiation conditions of the lunar environment. Gravitational studies were also conducted. The spacecraft played back to Earth the `Internationale' during the Twenty-third Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Luna 10 was battery powered and operated for 460 lunar orbits and 219 active data transmissions before radio signals were discontinued on May 30, 1966.

• Luna 13 - . Payload: E-6M s/n 205. Mass: 1,700 kg (3,700 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: Korolev bureau. Program: Luna. Class: Moon. Type: Lunar probe. Spacecraft Bus: Luna E-6. Spacecraft: Luna E-6M. Decay Date: 1966-12-24 . USAF Sat Cat: 2626 . COSPAR: 1966-116A.

  Soft landed on Moon 24 December 1966 at 18:01:00 GMT, Latitude 18.87 N, 297.95 E - Oceanus Procellarum. The petal encasement of the spacecraft was opened, antennas were erected, and radio transmissions to Earth began four minutes after the landing. On December 25 and 26, 1966, the spacecraft television system transmitted panoramas of the nearby lunar landscape at different sun angles. Each panorama required approximately 100 minutes to transmit. The spacecraft was equipped with a mechanical soil-measuring penetrometer, a dynamograph, and a radiation densitometer for obtaining data on the mechanical and physical properties and the cosmic-ray reflectivity of the lunar surface. It is believed that transmissions from the spacecraft ceased before the end of December 1966.

• Mir-Shuttle Docking Module - . Payload: DM 316GK s/n 1. Mass: 6,134 kg (13,523 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: NASA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned space station. Flight: Soyuz TM-22, STS-74. Spacecraft Bus: Mir. Spacecraft: Mir-Shuttle Docking Module. Duration: 8.19 days. COSPAR: 1995-061xx. Apogee: 342 km (212 mi). Perigee: 356 km (221 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Atlantis rendezvoused and docked with Mir space station on Nov 15. After departure the Russian-built 316GK Shuttle-Mir docking module remained attached to Mir to provide easier docking capability in the future..

• Soyuz TM-25 - . Call Sign: Sirius (Sirius ). Crew: Ewald, Lazutkin, Tsibliyev. Backup Crew: Dezhurov, Padalka, Schlegel. Payload: Soyuz TM s/n 74. Mass: 7,250 kg (15,980 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spacecraft. Flight: Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-25, Soyuz TM-25 Mir 97, STS-81 Mir NASA-3. Spacecraft Bus: Soyuz. Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Duration: 184.92 days. Decay Date: 1997-08-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 24717 . COSPAR: 1997-003A. Apogee: 392 km (243 mi). Perigee: 385 km (239 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.30 min. Mir Expedition EO-23. Soyuz TM-25 docked with Mir at the forward port on February 12 at 15:51:13 GMT..

• Progress M-34 - . Payload: Progress M s/n 234. Mass: 7,156 kg (15,776 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned logistics spacecraft. Flight: Soyuz TM-25, STS-81 Mir NASA-3. Spacecraft Bus: Soyuz. Spacecraft: Progress M. Duration: 86.60 days. Completed Operations Date: 1997-07-02 06:31:45 . Decay Date: 1997-07-02 06:31:45 . USAF Sat Cat: 24757 . COSPAR: 1997-014A. Apogee: 393 km (244 mi). Perigee: 375 km (233 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.20 min.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. It carried supplies for the Mir station and repair equipment for Mir's oxygen generators, replacement oxygen-generating 'candles' and a pair of new spacesuits. Docked with Mir at the rear Kvant module port on 8 Apr 1997 17:30:03 GMT. The Mir complex raised its orbit by 5 km on 15 Apr 1997 at 12:00 GMT, using Progress M-34's engine. Undocked on 24 Jun 1997 10:22:50 GMT. It was then used to perform a redocking test using newly developed remote-control procedures which were to replace the automatic system that Russia could no longer afford to buy from Ukraine. At 25 Jun 1997 09:18 GMT Mir commander Tsibliev was remotely commanding the approach of Progress to the Kvant module. This involved guiding the Progress via a television monitor. The Progress was difficult to see against the cloudy earth background at the time of the attempted docking. It went off course and collided with a solar array on the Spektr module and then the module itself. A large hole was made in a solar panel, one of the radiators was buckled, a hole was punched into Spektr's hull, and the module began to depressurize. This was not a slow leak - the crew heard a hissing sound and felt their ears pop. They disconnected the power cables leading from Mir to the main station and closed the hatch on the core module transfer section that led to Spektr. The Spektr module became fully depressurized, remaining docked to Mir with its docking hatch open. The loss of electrical connection between Spektr's solar panels and the main station cut the available power supply to the station, crippling its operations until later repairs reconnected the electrical lines. Tsibliev was also the pilot on a previous orbital collision, when he banged Soyuz TM-17 into Mir in Jan 1994. After the return of the crew to earth he was found to be to blame for the incident, although the fines assessed were later dismissed. The Progress M-34 cargo ship was backed to a safe distance from the station and was destroyed in reentry on 2 Jul 1997 06:31:50 GMT. Total free-flight time 9.90 days. Total docked time 76.70 days.

• Progress M-35 - . Payload: Progress M s/n 235. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned logistics spacecraft. Flight: Soyuz TM-25, STS-84 Mir NASA-4. Spacecraft Bus: Soyuz. Spacecraft: Progress M. Duration: 82.50 days. Decay Date: 1997-10-08 . USAF Sat Cat: 24851 . COSPAR: 1997-033A. Apogee: 391 km (242 mi). Perigee: 383 km (237 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.30 min.

  Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 7 Jul 1997 05:59:24 GMT. Undocked on 6 Aug 1997 11:46:45 GMT. Redocked with Mir on 18 Aug 1997 12:52:48 GMT. Final undocking on 7 Oct 1997 12:03:49 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 7 Oct 1997 17:23:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 2.30 days. Total docked time 80.21 days.

• Soyuz TM-26 - . Call Sign: Rodnik. Crew: Solovyov, Vinogradov. Backup Crew: Avdeyev, Padalka. Payload: Soyuz TM s/n 75. Mass: 7,250 kg (15,980 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spacecraft. Flight: Soyuz TM-25, Soyuz TM-26, STS-84 Mir NASA-4. Spacecraft Bus: Soyuz. Spacecraft: Soyuz TM. Duration: 197.73 days. Decay Date: 1998-02-19 . USAF Sat Cat: 24886 . COSPAR: 1997-038A. Apogee: 385 km (239 mi). Perigee: 378 km (234 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Mir Expedition EO-24. The Soyuz docked manually at 17:02 GMT August 7. Over the next six months the crew undertook seven internal and external spacewalks to repair the crippled space station..

• Progress M-36 - . Payload: Progress M s/n 237. Mass: 7,195 kg (15,862 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Korolev bureau. Program: Mir. Class: Manned. Type: Manned logistics spacecraft. Flight: Soyuz TM-26, STS-84 Mir NASA-4, STS-86, STS-86 Mir NASA-5. Spacecraft Bus: Soyuz. Spacecraft: Progress M. Duration: 74.92 days. Decay Date: 1997-12-19 . USAF Sat Cat: 25002 . COSPAR: 1997-058A. Apogee: 390 km (240 mi). Perigee: 378 km (234 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Unmanned resupply vessel to Mir. Docked with Mir on 8 Oct 1997 17:07:09 GMT. Undocked on 17 Dec 1997 06:01:53 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 19 Dec 1997 13:20:01 GMT. Total free-flight time 5.39 days. Total docked time 69.54 days..