Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: J

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Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: J

J - Alternate designation for Energia.

J (SI abbreviation) - joule (SI abbreviation)

J-1 - Japanese all-solid orbital launch vehicle. Original version. Because of the high cost, the original J-1 design was superseded by an alternate J-1 F2 with a different booster stage. Status: Retired 1996. First Launch: 1996-02-11. Last Launch: 1996-02-11. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 88,580 kg (195,280 lb). Payload: 850 kg (1,870 lb). Thrust: 1,550.00 kN (348,450 lbf).

J-1 - Alternate designation for Zenit-2.

J-1 F2 - Japanese all-solid orbital launch vehicle. Lower cost alternate to the original J-1 design. Uses the SRB-A of the H-2A vehicle as the first stage, the second and third stages of the J-1, with updated avionics. Status: In development. Gross mass: 91,500 kg (201,700 lb). Payload: 850 kg (1,870 lb). Thrust: 1,800.00 kN (404,600 lbf).

J-1-1 - Alternate name for H-2-0.

J-1-2 - Alternate name for M-23-J.

J-1e - Alternate designation for Zenit-3SL.

J-1e - Alternate designation for Zenit-3SLB.

J-2 - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Used in the Saturn IVB stage in Saturn IB and Saturn V, and the Saturn II stage in the Saturn V. First flight 1966. Sea level versions with reduced expansion ratio were proposed for Saturn II first stage use. Upgraded toroidal aerospike versions (J-2T-200K and J-2T-250K) were developed for upgrades to Saturn upper stages. The modestly improved J-2S was tested and provided basis for X-33 linear aerospike engine thirty years later. After 30 years the J-2 was resurrected again for use in boosting NASA's new Orion manned capsule to orbit. In the event, NASA was unable to resist 'improving' the J-2S, and by early 2007 the engine for the second stage of the Ares 1 Crew Launch Vehicle was the redesignated and substantially different J-2X. Status: First flight 1966. Date: 1960. Number: 87 . Unfuelled mass: 1,438 kg (3,170 lb). Thrust: 1,033.10 kN (232,250 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J-2S - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Developed 1965-1969. J-2 version proposed for Saturn follow-on vehicles, using results of the J-2X technology program. The engine was simplified while offering improved performance. Status: Developed 1965-1969. Date: 1967. Unfuelled mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Thrust: 1,138.50 kN (255,945 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J-2S Linear Aerospike - Alternate designation for XRS-2200 LOx-LH2 rocket engine.

J-2-SL - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1966. Sea level version of J-2 with reduced expansion ratio proposed for Saturn II first stage use. Status: Study 1966. Unfuelled mass: 1,360 kg (2,990 lb). Thrust: 996.70 kN (224,067 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J-2T-200K - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1965. Proposed for later versions of Saturn V. Toroidal aerospike plug nozzle version of J-2. Status: Study 1965. Thrust: 889.30 kN (199,923 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J-2T-250K - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1967. Proposed for later versions of Saturn V. Toroidal aerospike plug nozzle version of J-2. Status: Study 1967. Thrust: 1,111.60 kN (249,898 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J-2X - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Ares I launch vehicle second stage. In development 2006-2016. Began as an update to the J-2 engine of the 1960s, but final design was all-new, 20% more thrust, but double the weight. Status: In development 2006-2012. Date: 2012. Thrust: 1,310.00 kN (294,490 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

J40 - Alternate designation for XJ40-WE-1.

J57 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine family. Used on B-52 launch aircraft for X-15A and other US rocketplanes.

J57-19 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Used on B-52 launch aircraft for X-15A. First flight 1959. Status: Out of production. Number: 2712 . Thrust: 53.80 kN (12,095 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J57-8 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Used on Caleb launch vehicle. First flight 1960. Status: Out of production. Number: 7 . Thrust: 45.40 kN (10,206 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J58 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. More at: Air/Kerosene

J75-17 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 71.60 kN (16,096 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J79 - GE turbojet engine family, used on the F-104, F-4, and B-58 aircraft.

J79- 5 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 45.80 kN (10,296 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J79-17 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 52.80 kN (11,870 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J85-GE-5 - GE turbojet engine. Carries SpaceShipOne to release point 65 km from Mohave Airport base, then releases it at 15 km altitude at 215 kph. Wing area 43.5 sq m. Thrust: 34.30 kN (7,711 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

J93-3 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 86.70 kN (19,491 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

Jabal Hamzah - Missile launch site. First Launch: 1962-07-21. Last Launch: 1973-10-06. Number: 6 .

Jabiru 1 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for NewSat Corporation. Used the A2100AXS bus. Gross mass: 5,900 kg (13,000 lb).

Jabiru 2 - Alternate name of MEASAT 3b (Jabiru 2).

Jabiru 2 - The Rook motor was 0.43 m in diameter and 5.28 m long. It contained a case-bonded charge of 846 kg of non-aluminized plastic propellant giving a total impulse of 1760 kN-seconds in 5.6 seconds; with a maximum thrust of 323 kN and a specific impulse of 213 seconds. The motor was capable of withstanding the 40g acceleration it provided during firing. It was employed as the first propulsion stage of the Leopard and Jaguar (Jabiru) supersonic test vehicles, and by itself in single-stage test applications. Status: Retired 1971. First Launch: 1964-10-02. Last Launch: 1971-12-04. Number: 13 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).

Jabiru 3 - Two stage version consisting of 1 x Rook IIIA + 1 x Rook IIIB Status: Retired 1974. First Launch: 1973-11-14. Last Launch: 1974-11-20. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).

Jabiru-3 - Alternate name of Gosling stage.

Jackson, Henry M - American politician. Powerful Congressman, serving from 1940-1986. In the 1950's a leading advocate of greater attention to the development of the U.S. missile program. Born: 1912. Died: 1983-01-01.

Jacobi, Walter - German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. Born: 1918-01-13. Died: 2009-08-19.

Jaehn, Sigmund Werner Paul 'Sig' - German pilot cosmonaut 1976-1978. First German astronaut. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 7.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on Soyuz 31 (1978).. Status: Inactive; Active 1976-1978. Born: 1937-02-13. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 7.87 days.

JAESat - Used the AMSAT-NA Microsat bus.

Jaffke, Heinz - German architect. Member of German Rocket Team in the Soviet Union after WW2. Building engineer; worked in the Soviet Union after WW2. Born: 1907.

JAG Mars Flyby 1966 - American manned Mars flyby. Study 1966. Final NASA attempt to mount a manned Mars flyby mission by 1975 using Apollo hardware. It took the best elements of the NASA Huntsville and Douglas concepts of 1965, requiring only four Saturn V launches. Status: Study 1966. Gross mass: 400,000 kg (880,000 lb).

JAGSAT 1 - Technology satellite for University of South Alabama, USA. Cubesat 2U bus. Gross mass: 0 kg (0 lb).

Jaguar - Alternate designation for RAF Jaguar.

Jaguar 1 - Three stage version consisting of 1 x Rook II + 1 x Gosling IIN + 1 x Lobster I Status: Retired 1964. First Launch: 1960-08-17. Last Launch: 1964-02-12. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 1,680 kg (3,700 lb).

Jaguar 1-2 - Alternate name of Gosling stage.

Jaguar 1-3 - Alternate name for Lobster.

Jaguar 2 - Three stage version consisting of 1 x Rook IIIA + 1 x Goldfinch II + 1 x Gosling IV Status: Retired 1966. First Launch: 1966-08-10. Last Launch: 1966-08-10. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 2,040 kg (4,490 lb).

Jaguar B-57 - American air-launched test vehicle. Three stage vehicle air launched from a B-57A Canberra. The rocket consisted of consisting of 3 x Recruit + 1 x Recruit + 1 x Baby Sergeant Status: Retired 1961. First Launch: 1960-01-01. Last Launch: 1961-01-01. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 800 kg (1,760 lb). Thrust: 440.00 kN (98,910 lbf).

Jaguar RTV - British test vehicle. The Jaguar was designed by the RAE Supersonics Department as part of the HRV (Hypersonic Research Vehicle) program. This was a joint project with the Australian Weapons Research Establishment for testing of re-entry vehicles at high speeds. Regardless of the variant, the Rook first stage would propel the upper stages and subscale RV to a high altitude. The upper stages would then fire downward to push the RV into the atmosphere at speeds of up to 5 km/s. After the conclusion of the HRV project in April 1970, tests continued using the Jabiru 3 with other aerothermal experiments until November 1974. Status: Operational 1960. First Launch: 1960-08-17. Last Launch: 1974-11-20.

Jaguar-3 - Alternate name for RM-3141.

Jahnke - German expert in rocket motors during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.

Jahns, Walter - German expert in high frequency long range rocket during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.

JAK - Alternate name of Artemis Picosats (Thelma, Louise, JAK).

JAK - American technology satellite, launched, 2000.01.27. Three picosatellites (JAK, Thelma, and Louise), developed by the Artemis team of women undergraduates at Santa Clara University, were deployed from the OPAL satellite. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-01-27. Last Launch: 2000-01-27. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 1.00 kg (2.20 lb).

James Webb Space Telescope - Alternate name of JWST (James Webb Space Telescope).

James, Larry Dean - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1982-1987. Status: Inactive; Active 1982-1987. Born: 1956-08-08.

James, Lee B - American Army officer, assigned to ABMA Huntsville 1956-1960. Seconded to NASA 1962-1971, where he oversaw NASA Huntsville, except for a stint 1962-1968 as Deputy Director for the Apollo program. Born: 1920-04-16. Died: 2006-02-12.

Jankowski, Zenon 'Zden' - Polish pilot cosmonaut, 1976-1978. Graduated from General Staff Academy "Karol Swierczewski", 1969 Fighter pilot, Polish Air Force. Commander, Deblin Air Force School. Later retired from all duties. Status: Inactive; Active 1976-1978. Born: 1937-11-22.

Janus - American manned spaceplane. Study 1965. This TRW design of 1965 used a unique concept - a lifting body main stage, that provided both ascent propulsion and re-entry protection. Status: Study 1965. Gross mass: 7,300 kg (16,000 lb).

Japan - Japan

Japan Satellite Systems Inc - Alternate name for JSAT.

Japan TBS astronaut group, 1989 - Requirement: Japanese astronauts for commercial mission to Mir. Date: 1989.

Japanese Earth Resources Satellite - Alternate designation for JERS earth land resources satellite.

Japanese Ionosphere Sounding Satellite - Alternate designation for JISS earth ionosphere satellite.

Japanese Space Plane - Japanese winged orbital launch vehicle. NAL / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 1995 design for a single stage to orbit spaceplane. Crew of ten, empty mass 110 metric tons. LACE / Scramjet engines, 29 m wingspan. Status: Design 1995. Gross mass: 350,000 kg (770,000 lb). Payload: 20,000 kg (44,000 lb).

JARL - Japanese agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Japanese Amateur Radio League, Japan.

Jarvis launch vehicle - American orbital launch vehicle. Launch vehicle planned for Pacific launch based on Saturn V engines, tooling. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 1,154,000 kg (2,544,000 lb). Payload: 38,000 kg (83,000 lb). Thrust: 13,495.20 kN (3,033,842 lbf).

Jarvis, Gregory Bruce - American engineer payload specialist astronaut 1984-1986. Died in Challenger accident. Flight record: 1 spaceflight.. Status: Deceased; Active 1984-1986. Born: 1944-08-24. Died: 1986-01-28. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 0.0008 days.

Jarvis-1 - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 950,000 kg (2,090,000 lb). Unfuelled mass: 60,000 kg (132,000 lb). Thrust: 15,481.26 kN (3,480,326 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene

Jarvis-2 - LOx/LH2 propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 145,000 kg (319,000 lb). Unfuelled mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Thrust: 1,031.98 kN (231,999 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2

Jarvis-3 - N2O4/MMH propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 13,400 kg (29,500 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Thrust: 3.92 kN (881 lbf). More at: N2O4/MMH

JAS - Japanese Amateur Satellite. Renamed Fuji after launch. Amateur satellite communications in the Oscar series.

JAS 1a, 1b, 2 - Amateur radio communication satellite for Japan Amateur Radio League, Japan. Launched 1986-1990. First Launch: 1986-08-12. Last Launch: 1990-02-07. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 50 kg (110 lb).

Jasman - German expert in rocket engines during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.

Jason - French earth sea satellite. Jason was a joint mission between CNES (the French space agency) and NASA/JPL, carrying the same type of sea surface altimeter used on NASA's Topex satellite. Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Alcatel Space for NASA, CNES, France. Launched 2001. Used the Proteus Bus bus. Status: Operational 2001. First Launch: 2001-12-07. Last Launch: 2001-12-07. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 485 kg (1,069 lb).

Jason 2, 3 - Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Alcatel for NOAA, Eumetsat, NASA, CNES, France. Launched 2008 - 2016. Used the Proteus Bus bus. First Launch: 2008-06-20. Last Launch: 2016-01-17. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 553 kg (1,219 lb).

Jason sounding rocket - American sounding rocket. The five-stage Jason rocket was developed by the US Air Force for monitoring of radiation in near-earth space (700-800 km) after high altitude nuclear explosions. Originally known as the Argo E-5, it consisted of an Honest John plus Nike plus Nike plus Recruit plus T-55. First used in 1958. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1958-07-11. Last Launch: 1958-09-02. Number: 22 . Gross mass: 3,330 kg (7,340 lb). Payload: 57 kg (125 lb). Thrust: 365.00 kN (82,055 lbf).

Jason-CS - Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Airbus Defence and Space (prime); Thales Alenia Space (instrument) for NOAA, Eumetsat, NASA, CNES. Gross mass: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).

Jasper, Alois - German rocket technician in WW2; worked in the Soviet Union after WW2. Born: 1912.

JASSM AGM-158 - Lockheed Martin air-to-surface missile. Joint air-to-surface standoff missile, US Air Force & Navy.. Gross mass: 1,021 kg (2,250 lb).

JASSM AGM-159 - Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) air-to-surface missile.

Jastrow, Robert - American physicist, headed NASA space studies 1961-1981. Born: 1925-09-07. Died: 2008-02-08.

JATO - American sounding rocket. JATO (Jet Assisted Take-Off) rockets came in many types and were used to shorten the takeoff of aircraft in short field or overload conditions. They were among the first practical applications of rocketry, and much early development of rocket technology by JPL, Aerojet, Goddard, and others was devoted to JATO applications. Status: Active.

Jauernick, Rolf - German engineer. Member of German Rocket Team in France after WW2.

Javelin - American sounding rocket. The four-stage Javelin rocket was originally known as the Argo D-4 and was developed by the Air Force to replace its Jason rocket with the mission of measuring radiation in space after high-altitude nuclear explosions. It was subsequently used by NASA for a variety of high-altitude near-space scientific experiments. Status: Retired 1978. First Launch: 1959-07-07. Last Launch: 1976-07-18. Number: 85 . Gross mass: 3,385 kg (7,462 lb). Payload: 57 kg (125 lb). Thrust: 365.00 kN (82,055 lbf).

Javelin 3 - American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1968. First Launch: 1965-01-01. Last Launch: 1968-03-11. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 165 kg (363 lb). Thrust: 47.60 kN (10,701 lbf).

Javelin FGM-148 - Raytheon/Lockheed Martin surface-to-air missile. In production for US Army, US Marines.. Gross mass: 22 kg (49 lb).

Javelin SAM - British surface-to-air missile. Man-portable, shoulder-launched; multi-round. Gross mass: 15 kg (34 lb). Payload: 3.20 kg (7.00 lb).

JAWSAT - American technology satellite. The JAWSAT/FalconSat payloads are being developed as a joint effort between the Air Force Academy and Weber State University. Experimental satellite built by One Stop Satellite Solutions (OSSS) (structure) for Air Force Academy, Weber State University Satellite, USAF STP (Space Test Program), USA. Launched 2000. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-01-27. Last Launch: 2000-01-27. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 191 kg (421 lb).

JAXA - Japanese agency overseeing development of spacecraft. JAXA, Japan.

JAXA SDS - Japanese technology satellite. SDS-1. JAXA Small Demonstration Satellite, a microsatellite with a camera, GPS receiver and sun sensor. Technology satellite operated by JAXA, Japan. Launched 2009. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-01-23. Last Launch: 2012-05-17. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 100 kg (220 lb).

JAXA-5 astronaut group, 2009 -

JB-1 - Alternate name of Bat JB-1.

JB-10 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 490 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2008. Built by CAST. Reported to carry the XIOPM (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics) optical imaging system. Status: Operational 2008. First Launch: 2008-12-15. Last Launch: 2014-09-08. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).

JB-10 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of Yaogan 5, 12, 21 (JB-10 1, 2, 3).

JB-10 missile - Northrop US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; JB-1 modified with pulsejet.

JB-11 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) imaging sensor with an 0.8 m resolution. Built by CAST. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 470 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2012. Status: Operational 2012. First Launch: 2012-05-10. Last Launch: 2015-11-08. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).

JB-11 1, 2 - Alternate name of Yaogan 14, 28 (JB-11 1, 2).

JB-12 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) imaging sensor with an 0.8 m resolution. Built by CAST. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 470 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2012. Status: Operational 2012.

JB-12 1 - Alternate name of Yaogan 26 (JB-12 1).

JB-13 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using the 1.3-m aperture CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics) XX-13 optical imaging system. Built by CAST.

JB-1A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Alternate name of FSW-1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (JB-1A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

JB-1B 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of FSW-2 1, 2, 3 (JB-1B 1, 2, 3).

JB-2 - Alternate name of Buzz Bomb LTV-A-1.

JB-2 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of FSW-3 1, 2, 3 (JB-2 1, 2, 3).

JB-3 - Chinese sun synchronous orbit military reconnaisance satellite. Built by CAST, it used a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) optical sensor. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-09-01. Last Launch: 2004-11-06. Number: 3 .

JB-3 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of ZY-2 01, 02, 03 (JB-3 1, 2, 3).

JB-4 - AAF US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; modified GB-4 with pulsejet, ASM.

JB-4 1, 2 - Alternate name of FSW-4 1, 2 (JB-4 1, 2).

JB-5 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 630, 98 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2006. Built by SAST. Reported to carry an IE (Institute of Electronics, CAS) side-looking radar system. Status: Operational 2006. First Launch: 2006-04-26. Last Launch: 2010-08-09. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 2,700 kg (5,900 lb).

JB-5 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of Yaogan 1, 3, 10 (JB-5 1, 2, 3).

JB-5 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; cancelled rocket.

JB-6 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-2D launch vehicle into 650 km, 98 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2007. Built by CAST; reported to carry a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) optical imaging system. Status: Operational 2007. First Launch: 2007-05-25. Last Launch: 2014-11-20. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 1,300 kg (2,800 lb).

JB-6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - Alternate name of Yaogan 2, 4, 7, 11, 24, 30 (JB-6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

JB-6 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; cancelled rocket.

JB-7 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-2C launch vehicle into 510 km, 97.5 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2009. Built by SAST. Reported to carry an IE (Institute of Electronics, CAS) side-looking radar system. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-04-22. Last Launch: 2014-11-14. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).

JB-7 1, 2, 3, 4 - Alternate name of Yaogan 6, 13, 18, 23 (JB-7 1, 2, 3, 4).

JB-7 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; reserved for jet-powered cruise missile; cancelled.

JB-8 - Alternate name of GAPA SAM-A-1.

JB-8 - Chinese military surveillance satellite. Each launch consisted of a primary satellite and two sub-satellites. Three sets of these triplets were launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 1090 km, 63.4 deg inclination orbits beginning in 2010. Reported to have a naval surveillance / sigint mission similar to those of the US PARCAE/NOSS system. This utilized a group of satellites flying in loose formation to locate radio emitters using the difference in time of arrival of the radio signals at the different satellites. Built by DFH. Status: Operational 2010. First Launch: 2010-03-05. Last Launch: 2014-12-27. Number: 16 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).

JB-8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Alternate name of Yaogan 9, 16, 17, 20, 25 (JB-8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

JB-9 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation.Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 1200 km, 100.4 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits. The first was launched in 2009, followed by annual launches beginning in 2012. Built by SAST. Reported to carry a CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics) optical imaging system, believed to be a low resolution mapping and area surveillance mission. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-12-15. Last Launch: 2015-08-27. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb).

JB-9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Alternate name of Yaogan 8, 15, 19, 22, 27 (JB-9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

JB-9 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; reserved for short-range SSM; cancelled.

JCM AGM-169 - Lockheed Martin air-to-surface missile.

JCR - Japanese sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1974. First Launch: 1969-09-15. Last Launch: 1974-02-01. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 2,300 kg (5,000 lb).

JCR engine - Nissan solid rocket engine. JCR first stage. Status: Retired 1974. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). More at: Solid

JCR-1 - Alternate name for JCR engine.

JCSAT - Japanese domestic communications satellite network.

JCSat 1, 2 - Communication satellite built by Hughes for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 1989 - 1990. Used the HS-393 bus. First Launch: 1989-03-06. Last Launch: 1990-01-01. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 2,280 kg (5,020 lb).

JCSat 10, 11, 12 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2006 - 2009. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2006-08-11. Last Launch: 2009-08-21. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 4,048 kg (8,924 lb).

JCSat 110A - Alternate name of JCSat 15 (JCSat 110A).

JCSat 13 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2012. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2012-05-15. Last Launch: 2012-05-15. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,528 kg (9,982 lb).

JCSat 14 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-05-06. Last Launch: 2016-05-06. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,696 kg (10,352 lb).

JCSat 15 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-12-21. Last Launch: 2016-12-21. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 3,407 kg (7,511 lb).

JCSat 16 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-08-14. Last Launch: 2016-08-14. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,600 kg (10,100 lb).

JCSat 17 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Japan. Used the A2100 (modernized) bus.

JCSat 18 - Communication satellite built by Boeing for Kacific Broadband Satellites Pte Ltd, SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Singapore, Japan. Used the BSS-702MP bus.

JCSat 1B, 4A - Alternate name of JCSat 5, 6 (JCSat 1B, 4A).

JCSat 2 - British military communications satellite series using the ECS/OTS bus.

JCSat 2A - Alternate name of JCSat 8 (JCSat 2A).

JCSat 2B - Alternate name of JCSat 14 (JCSat 2B).

JCSat 3, 4 - Communication satellite built by Hughes for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 1995 - 1997. Used the HS-601 bus. First Launch: 1995-08-29. Last Launch: 1997-02-17. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 3,105 kg (6,845 lb).

JCSat 3A, RA - Alternate name of JCSat 10, 11, 12 (JCSat 3A, RA).

JCSat 4B - Alternate name of JCSat 13 (JCSat 4B).

JCSat 5, 6 - Communication satellite built by Hughes for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 1997 - 1999. Used the HS-601 bus. First Launch: 1997-12-02. Last Launch: 1999-02-16. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 2,982 kg (6,574 lb).

JCSAT 5A - Alternate name of JCSat 9 (JCSAT 5A, N-Star d).

JCSat 8 - Communication satellite built by Boeing for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2002. Used the BSS-601 bus. First Launch: 2002-03-29. Last Launch: 2002-03-29. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 2,460 kg (5,420 lb).

JCSat 85 - Alternate name of Intelsat 15 (JCSat 85).

JCSat 9 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, NTT-DoCoMo, Japan. Launched 2006. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2006-04-12. Last Launch: 2006-04-12. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,401 kg (9,702 lb).

JD - Alternate name for NOSS-Subsat.

JDA - Japan Defense Agency

JDAM - American air-to-surface missile. Joint Direct Attack Missile, Range: about 25 km, price: $40,000 - $50,000

Jebel Himreen - Missile launch site.

JEM - Japanese Experiment Module (for SSF)

Jemison, Mae Carol - American physician mission specialist astronaut 1987-1993. Physician. First African-American woman to fly in space. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 7.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-47 (1992).. Status: Inactive; Active 1987-1993. Born: 1956-10-17. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 7.94 days.

Jena - German manufacturer of spacecraft. Karl Zeiss Jena, Jena, Germany.

Jens-Goercke, Paul - German engineer in WW2. Member of the German rocket team in Egypt 1960-1963.

JEO - Jupiter / Europa lander operated by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. Gross mass: 5,040 kg (11,110 lb).

Jericho - Alternate designation for MD-620.

Jericho - First Israeli ballistic missile. Developed by Dassault in France as the MD-620. Test series included both one and two stage prototypes. Follow-on versions used all-solid propellant configurations. Gross mass: 6,700 kg (14,700 lb).

Jericho 1 - Alternate designation for Jericho-1.

Jericho 2 - Alternate designation for Jericho II.

Jericho II - Alternate name of Shavit.

Jericho II - Israeli intermediate range ballistic missile. Tactical ballistic missile. Probably corresponds to first two stages of Shavit launch vehicle. Status: Active. First Launch: 1987-05-01. Last Launch: 2001-06-27. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 22,000 kg (48,000 lb). Thrust: 610.00 kN (137,130 lbf).

Jericho II engine - Sud solid rocket engine. Jericho II first stage. Status: Active. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 300 kg (660 lb). Thrust: 20.00 kN (4,496 lbf). More at: Solid

Jericho II-1 - Alternate name for Jericho II engine.

Jericho III - Modernized version of Jericho IRBM. Status: Active. First Launch: 2008-01-17. Last Launch: 2013-07-12. Number: 3 .

Jericho-1 - Israeli short range ballistic missile. Follow-on version differed from original French-derived Jericho. Probably used a single 4500 kg solid-propellant motor. Status: Active. First Launch: 1990-12-21. Last Launch: 2000-04-06. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). Payload: 500 kg (1,100 lb).

Jericho-1-1 - N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Status: Active. Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). More at: N2O4/UDMH

Jernigan, Tamara Elizabeth 'Tammy' - American astronomer mission specialist astronaut 1985-2001. Astronomer. Was married to astronaut Jeff Wisoff. Flight record: 5 spaceflights, 63.1 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-40 (1991), STS-52, STS-67, STS-80, STS-96.. Status: Inactive; Active 1985-2001. Born: 1959-05-07. Spaceflights: 5 . Total time in space: 63.06 days.

Jerry - Alternate name of CANYVAL-X 1, 2 (Tom, Jerry).

JERS - Japanese earth land resources satellite. JERS-1 (Japanese Research Satellite-1; FUYO-1) was Japan's second Earth observation satellite. Earth Observation, radar & optical satellite built by Mitsubishi Electric (MELCO) for NASDA, Japan. Launched 1992. Status: Operational 1992. First Launch: 1992-02-11. Last Launch: 1992-02-11. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 1,340 kg (2,950 lb).

Jett, Brent Ward Jr - American test pilot astronaut 1992-2007. Flight record: 4 spaceflights, 41.8 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-72 (1996), STS-81, STS-97, STS-115.. Status: Inactive; Active 1992-2007. Born: 1958-10-05. Spaceflights: 4 . Total time in space: 41.75 days.

JGR - Abbreviation for Journal of Geophysical Research

JHU-Applied Physics Lab - Alternate name for APL.

Jian Bing - Alternate name for Jianbing

Jianbing - Series of Chinese military surveillance satellites, abbreviated as 'JB'. These were:

JB-1: FSW-0,1,2 film recoverable optical satellites
JB-2: FSW-3 film recoverable optical satellites
JB-3; Clark Designation: Optical-1; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Ziyuan-2 1, 2, 3
JB-3: FSW-4 film recoverable optical satellites
JB-5; Clark Designation: Radar-1; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: IE; Launches: Yaogan 1, 3, 10
JB-6; Clark Designation: Optical-2; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Yaogan 2, 4, 7, 11, 24
JB-7; Clark Designation: Radar-2; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: IE; Launches: Yaogan 6, 13, 18, 23
JB-8 ELINT; Manufacturer: DFH Launches: Yaogan 9, 16, 17, 20, 25 (triplets)
JB-9; Clark Designation: Optical-4; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: CIOMP; Launches: Yaogan 8, 15, 19, 22, 27
JB-10; Clark Designation: Optical-3; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: XIOPM; Launches: Yaogan 5, 12, 21
JB-11; Clark Designation: Optical-5; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Yaogan 14
JB-12; Clark Designation: Optical-6 Launches: Yaogan 26
JB-13; Clark Designation: Optical-7; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: CIOMP; XX-13 camera.

Jianbing 10 - Alternate name for JB-10.

Jianbing 11 - Alternate name for JB-11.

Jianbing 12 - Alternate name for JB-12.

Jianbing 13 - Alternate name for JB-13.

Jianbing 3 - Alternate name for JB-3.

Jianbing 5 - Alternate name for JB-5.

Jianbing 6 - Alternate name for JB-6.

Jianbing 7 - Alternate name for JB-7.

Jianbing 8 - Alternate name for JB-8.

Jianbing 9 - Alternate name for JB-9.

Jianshui - First Launch: 1970-11-23. Last Launch: 1971-11-15. Number: 2 .

JIC - Aerojet rocket engine. JIC. Classified application Date: 1972. Thrust: 10.68 kN (2,401 lbf).

JIDF - Japanese agency. JIDF, Japan.

Jikiken - Alternate name of Exos B (Jikiken).

JILA - Abbreviation for Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics

Jilin - One of two 'smart video imaging' satellites in the Jilin cluster. Status: Operational 2015. First Launch: 2015-10-07. Last Launch: 2015-10-07. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 95 kg (209 lb).

Jilin 1A - Chinese commercial remote sensing satellite. First Launch: 2015-10-07. Last Launch: 2015-10-07. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 450 kg (990 lb).

JIMO - Jupiter, Callisto, Ganymede and Europa lander operated by NASA, USA.

Jindai - Alternate name for MABES.

Jindivik - Australian aerial target drone.

Jing Haipeng - Chinese pilot taikonaut 1998-on. First taikonaut to fly more than once in space. Flight record: 3 spaceflights, 47.8 days in space. Flew to orbit on Shenzhou 7 (2008), Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11.. Status: Active 1998-on. Born: 1966-10-24. Spaceflights: 3 . Total time in space: 47.76 days.

Jingyu - Chinese ICBM missile test site. Not used for satellite launches to date.

JISS - Japanese earth ionosphere satellite. JISS - national name "Ume". Spin-stabilized; Ionospheric Sounder, Radio Noise Receiver, Plasma Measuring Equipment, Ion Mass Spectrometer, and other instruments. Status: Operational 1976. First Launch: 1976-02-29. Last Launch: 1978-02-16. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 141 kg (310 lb).

Jissho eisei - Alternate name for IGS.

Jiu Peng - Jiu Peng air base, Pingtung, Formosa

Jiuquan - China's first launch center, also known as Shuang Cheng Tzu. Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre, situated at 100 degrees East, 41 degrees North, is located in the Jiuquan Region, Gansu province, north-western China. It was China's first ballistic missile and satellite launch center. First Launch: 1960-09-01. Last Launch: 2014-08-09. Number: 128 .

JL-1 - Chinese submarine-launched ballistic missile based on DF-21 IRBM. Status: Active. First Launch: 1982-04-30. Last Launch: 1988-09-27. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 14,664 kg (32,328 lb). Payload: 600 kg (1,320 lb).

JL-1-1 - Alternate name for DF-21-1.

JL-2 - Chinese submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile. DF-23, DF-31 were land based versions. Status: Active. First Launch: 2004-07-01. Last Launch: 2012-08-16. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 20,000 kg (44,000 lb). Payload: 700 kg (1,540 lb).

JL-3 - Chinese third-generation solid propellant intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile. First test flight 2018-11-24. First Launch: 2018-11-22. Last Launch: 2018-11-22. Number: 1 .

JMA - Japanese agency. Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan.

JMAPS - Astrometry satellite built by AeroAstro, Ball for USNO. Used the Astro-200AS bus. Gross mass: 200 kg (440 lb).

JMSDF - Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force

Joachim, Carl - German expert in guided missiles during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.

Johnson Space Center - Second name of NASA Houston.

Johnson, Caldwell Christian - American designer, at NASA 1937-1972, second part of the creative pairing with American "chief designer" Max Faget. He laid out the basic design for the Mercury and Apollo spacecraft. Born: 1919-10-16. Died: 2013-05-26.

Johnson, Clarence L 'Kelly' - American engineer, at Lockheed 1933-1975, headed 'Skunk Works' design shop, responsible for F-80, F-104, Suntan, U-2,, and SR-71 designs among many others. Born: 1910-02-27. Died: 1990-12-21.

Johnson, Gregory Carl 'Ray J' - American test pilot astronaut 1998-2001. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 12.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-125 (2009).. Status: Inactive; Active 1998-2001Ret. ?. Born: 1954-07-30. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 12.90 days.

Johnson, Gregory Harold 'Box' - British-American test pilot astronaut 1998-2013. Flew 34 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm. Flight record: 2 spaceflights, 31.5 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-123 (2008), STS-134.. Status: Inactive; Active 1998-2013. Born: 1962-05-12. Spaceflights: 2 . Total time in space: 31.49 days.

Johnson, John Alvin - American lawyer serving with the State Department, USAF, and NASA 1946-1963; followed by senior management positions and then CEO at Comsat, 1963-1980. Born: 1915-08-30. Died: 2005-08-21.

Johnson, Lyndon B - American politician, Senator 1949-1961, Vice President 1960-1963, President 1963-1969; huge supporter of civilian space flight, instrumental in creating NASA, and providing the political and budgetary support for the Apollo moon landing program. Born: 1908-08-27. Died: 1973-01-22.

Johnson, Nicholas L - American NASA Historian. Nicholas L. Johnson was NASA's chief scientist for orbital debris 1996-2014 at the Johnson Space Center. Previously, he worked in private industry and was considered an expert on the Soviet space program. Retired from NASA in 2014.

Johnson, Richard Lowe - American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 1 and X-4 # 2. Status: Inactive. Born: 1917-09-21. Died: 2002-11-09.

Johnson, Roy W - American manager at GE, first director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1959, headed DoD's initial space efforts. Born: 1906. Died: 1965-01-01.

Johnson, Vincent L - American engineer, at USN 1947-1960, NASA 1960-1974. Program manager for Scout, Delta, and Centaur. Born: 1918-10-26. Died: 2005-05-11.

Johnston Island - US military base on this island in the Pacific Ocean. Used for rocket-launched nuclear tests in the 1950's. In the 1960's it was the site for the operational AFP-437 anti-satellite system. The system was retired in 1975. Several sounding rockets were also launched over the years, either in support of nuclear tests or in experiments related to anti-satellite technology. First Launch: 1958-08-01. Last Launch: 1975-11-06. Number: 148 .

Johnston, Alvin M - American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 2. Later a test pilot for Boeing, and manager in the Dynasoar, Minuteman, and Lunar Orbiter programs. Status: Inactive. Born: 1914-08-18. Died: 1998-10-29.

Johnston, Curt - American engineer. Test conductor of earliest Atlas launches; Convair base manager at Vandenberg. Born: 1927. Died: 2009-02-09.

Johnston, Mary Helen - American engineer payload specialist astronaut, 1983-1985. Status: Inactive; Active 1983-1985. Born: 1945-09-17.

Johnston, Samuel Paul - American Engineer. S. Paul Johnston was director of the Institute for Aeronautical Sciences. He was also a member of the Purcell Panel that assessed space flight capabilities for the U.S. government in 1957-1958. Born: 1899-08-03. Died: 1985-08-09.

Jones, Charles Edward 'Chuck' - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1982-1987. Killed in 9-11 hijacking. Status: Deceased; Active 1982-1987. Born: 1952-11-08. Died: 2001-09-11.

Jones, Robert 'RT' - American engineer, credited by NASA as inventor of the swept-back and oblique wing concepts. Born: 1910-05-28. Died: 1999-08-11.

Jones, Thomas David - American astronomer mission specialist astronaut 1990-2001. Flight record: 4 spaceflights, 53.0 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-59 (1994), STS-68, STS-80, STS-98.. Status: Inactive; Active 1990-2001. Born: 1955-01-22. Spaceflights: 4 . Total time in space: 53.03 days.

Jones, Walter P - American test pilot, flew the D-558-1, D-558-2, X-4, and X-5. Died in crash of the YF-89D prototype interceptor. Status: Deceased. Born: 1924-08-24. Died: 1953-10-20.

Joos, Georg - German chief physicist at Zeiss during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.

Jordan -

Joseph, Daryl James - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1979-1985. Status: Inactive; Active 1979-1985. Born: 1949-12-17.

Journeyman - American sounding rocket. Five stage vehicle of the Argo series consisting of 2 x Recruit + 1 x Sergeant + 1 x Lance + 1 x Lance + 1 x Altair Status: Retired 1965. First Launch: 1960-09-19. Last Launch: 1965-06-30. Number: 8 . Gross mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb).

Journeyman-0 - Alternate name for 1.5KS35000.

Joy of Flying - Poem: Turbines roar, their rush surges through us...

JP-5/H2O2 - Notional H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. Study 1993. Engine for Black Horse winged, single stage to orbit launch vehicle using aerial refueling. Status: Study 1993. Thrust: 63.00 kN (14,162 lbf). More at: H2O2/Kerosene

JPL - American agency; manufacturer of rockets, spacecraft, and rocket engines. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA.

JPSS 2 - Meteorology satellite built by Orbital ATK for NASA, NOAA. Used the LEOStar-3 bus. Gross mass: 2,930 kg (6,450 lb).

JPSS Free Flyer 1 - Alternate name of SIDAR (JPSS Free Flyer 1).

JP-X - The addition of approximately 40 per cent of UDMH to JP-4 resulted in a formulation (JP-X) which solved both the combustion and the ignition difficulties experienced with WFNA/ JP-4 and IRFNA/JP-4.

JSAT - Japanese agency. Japan Satellite Systems, Japan.

JSC - Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (NASA)

JSC Moon Base 1984 - American manned lunar base. Study 1984. In 1984 a Johnson Space Center team lad by Barney Roberts took NASA's first look at a return to the moon after the shuttle was in service. Status: Study 1984.

JSCC - Japanese Communications Corporation, Japan.

JSE - Alternate name for IGS.

JSOW - Raytheon (Texas Instruments) air-to-surface missile. Joint Stand-Off Weapon. Can be loaded with many different loads (warheads from 230 to 450 kg) and different seekers.. Gross mass: 482 kg (1,062 lb).

JSSW - Chinese military surveillance satellite. Mysterious early Chinese satellite, orbited by the cancelled FB-1 launch vehicle. Technology, Reconnaissance? satellite, China. Launched 1973 - 1976. Status: Operational 1973. First Launch: 1973-09-18. Last Launch: 1976-11-10. Number: 6 . Gross mass: 1,100 kg (2,400 lb).

JT9D-3A - Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Unfuelled mass: 4,013 kg (8,847 lb). Thrust: 208.80 kN (46,940 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene

JUAV-LR - American drone missile. Joint Unmaned Aerial Vehicle - Long Range

JUAV-MR - Alternate name of Peregrine BQM-145.

Judi-Dart - American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1972. First Launch: 1964-03-18. Last Launch: 1972-06-01. Number: 720 . Thrust: 9.00 kN (2,023 lbf).

Judi-Dart-1 - Alternate designation for Judi-I 1.9KS2150.

Judi-I 1.9KS2150 - RPI solid rocket engine. Status: Retired 1972. Gross mass: 9.00 kg (19.80 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2.00 kg (4.40 lb). Thrust: 9.00 kN (2,023 lbf). More at: Solid

Judi-III 1.9KS2100 - RPI solid rocket engine. Kisha Judi second stage. Status: Retired 1963. Gross mass: 9.00 kg (19.80 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2.00 kg (4.40 lb). Thrust: 9.03 kN (2,030 lbf). More at: Solid

Jugnu - Technology, Earth observation satellite for Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. Launched 2011. Micro-imaging system, near infrared camera to observe vegetation, and GPS Receiver to aid tracking. Successful. Cubesat 3U bus. First Launch: 2011-10-12. Last Launch: 2011-10-12. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4.00 kg (8.80 lb).

JUICE - Jupiter / Ganymede lander built by Airbus Defence and Space for ESA. Gross mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb).

Julang-1 - Alternate designation for JL-1.

Julang-2 - Alternate designation for JL-2.

Jules Verne - Alternate designation for ATV space station logistics spacecraft.

Jules Verne Launcher - American gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. Following the failure of the US government to fund further development of the SHARP light gas gun, John Hunter founded the Jules Verne Launcher Company in 1996 in an attempt to fund commercial development of the concept. Status: Design 1996. Payload: 3,300 kg (7,200 lb).

Jules Verne Moon Gun - French gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. Jules Verne's moon gun, as described in his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, was located in Florida. Although some errors were made, Verne used real engineering analysis to arrive at the design of his cannon and manned moon projectile. As a result, at the time of Apollo 8 and 11 missions it was noted that Verne had made an astonishing number of correct predictions about the actual missions.... Status: Design 1856.

Jumbo - German anti-ship missile. Cancelled 1975 Status: Operational 1979. Gross mass: 1,066 kg (2,350 lb). Payload: 500 kg (1,100 lb).

Jumpseat - American military signals intelligence satellite. Jumpseat signals intelligence satellites were launched by Titan 3B or 34B into highly elliptic Molniya-type orbits.Built by Hughes for USAF, USA. Launched 1971 - 1983. Used HS-318 bus. Status: Operational 1971. First Launch: 1971-03-21. Last Launch: 1983-07-31. Number: 7 . Gross mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb).

Jumpseat-2 - American military signals intelligence satellite. 2 launches, 2006.06.25 (USA 200) to 2008.03.13 (USA 200). Status: Operational 2006. Gross mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb).

Jung - German expert in chemical warfare during World War II.

Jungert, Wilhelm - German engineer in WW2, member of the German rocket team, went to America with the first group of seven, but returned to Germany a year later.

Junkers 'Junior' - German manned rocketplane. Flown 1936. Early German rocketplane. Status: Operational 1936.

Juno - Alternate designation for Soyuz TM-12 Juno.

Juno - NASA Jupiter polar orbiter with the mission of studying the planet's composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Launched 2011.08.05, the planned 33-orbit mission at Jupiter was to last from arrival on 2016.07.04 to termination with braking of the spacecraft to burn up in the Jovian atmosphere in October 2017. First NASA outer planet mission to use solar panels (3 x 2.7 m x 8.9 m). Jupiter polar lander built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver for NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. Launched 2011. Status: Operational 2011. First Launch: 2011-08-05. Last Launch: 2011-08-05. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 3,625 kg (7,991 lb).

Juno 1 (retrospectively) - Alternate designation for Jupiter C stage rocket stage.

Juno I - Alternate designation for Jupiter A.

Juno I - Alternate designation for Jupiter C.

Juno II - American orbital launch vehicle. Satellite launcher derived from Jupiter IRBM. Basic 4 stage vehicle consisted of 1 x Jupiter + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 + 1 x RTV Motor Status: Retired 1961. First Launch: 1958-12-06. Last Launch: 1961-05-24. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 55,110 kg (121,490 lb). Payload: 41 kg (90 lb). Thrust: 667.20 kN (149,993 lbf).

Juno II (3) - American intermediate range ballistic missile. Three stage version consisting of 1 x Jupiter + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 First Launch: 1959-08-15. Last Launch: 1959-08-15. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 55,300 kg (121,900 lb). Payload: 50 kg (110 lb). Thrust: 667.00 kN (149,947 lbf).

Juno II-3 - Aerojet solid rocket stage. 22.00 kN (4,946 lbf) thrust. Mass 100 kg (220 lb). Status: S. Gross mass: 100 kg (220 lb). Unfuelled mass: 63 kg (138 lb). Thrust: 22.00 kN (4,945 lbf). More at: Solid

Juno test vehicle - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x SR19AJ1 + 1 x M57A1. Status: Active. First Launch: 1998-11-06. Last Launch: 2015-12-10. Number: 5 .

Juno V - Alternate designation for Saturn I.

Juno V-A - American orbital launch vehicle. By 1958 the Super-Jupiter was called Juno V and the 4 E-1 engines were abandoned in favor of clustering 8 Jupiter IRBM engines below existing Redstone/Jupiter tankage. The A version had a Titan I ICBM as the upper stages. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1958. Gross mass: 549,820 kg (1,212,140 lb). Payload: 10,000 kg (22,000 lb). Thrust: 6,690.00 kN (1,503,970 lbf).

Juno V-B - American orbital launch vehicle. A proposed version of the Juno V for lunar and planetary missions used a Titan I ICBM first stage and a Centaur high-energy third stage atop the basic Juno V cluster. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1958. Gross mass: 539,480 kg (1,189,340 lb). Payload: 12,500 kg (27,500 lb). Thrust: 6,690.00 kN (1,503,970 lbf).

Juno-1 (5 stage) - American orbital launch vehicle variant. First Launch: 1958-10-23. Last Launch: 1958-10-23. Number: 1 .

Jupiter - The Jupiter IRBM was developed for the US Army. By the time development was complete, the mission and the missile was assigned to the US Air Force, which had its own nearly identical missile, the Thor. Jupiters were stationed in Turkey and Italy in the early 1960's, but withdrawn in secret exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet R-5 missiles from Cuba. The Jupiter was used as the first stage of the relatively unsuccessful Juno II launch vehicle, and proposed for the Juno III and Juno IV. Jupiter tooling and engines were used to build the much larger Juno V / Saturn I launch vehicle. Gross mass: 54,400 kg (119,900 lb). Thrust: 74,800.00 kN (16,815,700 lbf).

Jupiter (stage) - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. . Status: Retired 1963. Gross mass: 54,431 kg (119,999 lb). Unfuelled mass: 5,443 kg (11,999 lb). Thrust: 758.71 kN (170,565 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene

Jupiter 1 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for EchoStar, Hughes Network Systems, USA. Launched 2012. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2012-07-05. Last Launch: 2012-07-05. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 6,100 kg (13,400 lb).

Jupiter 2 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for EchoStar, Hughes Network Systems, USA. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-12-18. Last Launch: 2016-12-18. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 6,637 kg (14,632 lb).

Jupiter A - American orbital launch vehicle. The Jupiter A was a modified Redstone missile fitted with Jupiter inertial navigation and control system elements. It also tested Hydyne fuel and other engine modifications for the Jupiter C re-entry vehicle test booster. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1955-09-22. Last Launch: 1958-06-12. Number: 23 . Gross mass: 29,060 kg (64,060 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 369.00 kN (82,954 lbf).

Jupiter A stage - LOx/Alcohol propellant rocket stage. . Status: Out of production. Gross mass: 28,440 kg (62,690 lb). Unfuelled mass: 3,125 kg (6,889 lb). Thrust: 414.34 kN (93,147 lbf). More at: Lox/Alcohol

Jupiter C - American orbital launch vehicle. Re-entry vehicle test booster and satellite launcher derived from Redstone missile. The Jupiter A version of the Redstone missile was modified with upper stages to test Jupiter re-entry vehicle configurations. Von Braun's team was ordered to ballast the upper stage with sand to prevent any 'inadvertent' artificial satellites from stealing thunder from the official Vanguard program. Korolev's R-7 orbited the first earth satellite instead. The Jupiter C was retroactively named the 'Juno I' by Von Braun's team. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1956-09-20. Last Launch: 1958-10-23. Number: 9 . Gross mass: 29,060 kg (64,060 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 369.00 kN (82,954 lbf).

Jupiter C Juno I - American short range ballistic missile. Four stage orbital launch version consisting of 1 x Redstone + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 + 1 x RTV Motor. The fourth stage allowed the Explorer payload to be placed into orbit. Gross mass: 28,500 kg (62,800 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 357.00 kN (80,256 lbf).

Jupiter C stage - LOx/Hydyne propellant rocket stage. Redstone missile, stretched, modified with different propellants to serve as first stage of IRBM nose cone/orbital test vehicle. Status: Retired 1967. Gross mass: 28,430 kg (62,670 lb). Unfuelled mass: 3,890 kg (8,570 lb). Thrust: 416.18 kN (93,562 lbf). More at: Lox/Hydyne

Jupiter C-2 - Aerojet solid rocket stage. 80.00 kN (17,985 lbf) thrust. Mass 500 kg (1,102 lb). Status: S. Gross mass: 500 kg (1,100 lb). Unfuelled mass: 223 kg (491 lb). Thrust: 80.00 kN (17,984 lbf). More at: Solid

Jupiter Cluster - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Masses estimated (cluster of four Jupiter IRBM stages). Status: Study 1959. Gross mass: 226,716 kg (499,823 lb). Unfuelled mass: 27,205 kg (59,976 lb). Thrust: 3,034.29 kN (682,134 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene

Jupiter IRBM - American intermediate range ballistic missile. The Jupiter IRBM was developed for the US Army. By the time development was complete, the mission and the missile was assigned to the US Air Force, which had its own nearly identical missile, the Thor. Jupiters were stationed in Turkey and Italy in the early 1960's, but withdrawn in secret exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet R-5 missiles from Cuba. The Jupiter was used as the first stage of the relatively unsuccessful Juno II launch vehicle, and proposed for the Juno III and Juno IV. Jupiter tooling and engines were used to build the much larger Juno V / Saturn I launch vehicle. Status: Retired 1963. First Launch: 1957-03-01. Last Launch: 1963-01-23. Number: 36 . Gross mass: 54,400 kg (119,900 lb). Payload: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Thrust: 734.00 kN (165,009 lbf).

Jupiter Mercury - American intermediate range ballistic missile. Version of Jupiter IRBM designed for launch of Mercury manned capsules on long suborbital flights. Cancelled early in the program, with the decision being to proceed from Mercury Redstone suborbital flights directly to Mercury Atlas orbital missions.

Jupiter nose cone - American re-entry vehicle technology satellite. Saturn 5. Launch vehicle test. Status: Operational 1964. First Launch: 1964-01-29. Last Launch: 1964-01-29. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 17,100 kg (37,600 lb).

Just - German rocket engineer in WW2; later worked in France at LRBA on radio beam guidance in the automated control loop department 1947-1952.

JV-LOTUSat 1, 2 - Earth observation satellite built by NEC, Vietnam.

JWS 1 - Alternate name of TacSat 4 (JWS 1).

JWS D2 - Alternate name of TacSat 3 (JWS D2).

JWST - Astronomy (IR) satellite built by Northrop Grumman (ex TRW) (Prime), Ball Aerospace for NASA, ESA. Gross mass: 5,400 kg (11,900 lb).

JY1-Sat - Technology, amateur communication satellite built by ISISpace (bus), Jordan. Cubesat 1U bus. Gross mass: 1.00 kg (2.20 lb).

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