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STS

Shuttle cutaway

Shuttle cutaway
Shuttle cutaway showing deployment of LDEF
Credit: NASA

The Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle) was conceived originally as a completely reusable system that would provide cheap, routine access to space and replace all American and civilian military launch vehicles. Crippled by technological overreach, political compromise, and budget limitations, it instead ended up costing more than the expendable rockets it was to have replaced. STS sucked the money out of all other NASA projects for half a century. The military abandoned its use after the Challenger shuttle explosion in the 1980's.

The origins of the Space Transportation System (space shuttle) can be traced back to the mid-1960's. At that time the US Air Force conducted a series of classified studies on next-generation space transportation systems to support projected large military space stations, conduct manned military reconnaissance and strike missions, and reduce the cost of launching military payloads. These Air Force studies finally concluded that a partially reusable vehicle was the most attractive, along the lines of Lockheed's Starlifter, which had a large drop tank but returned the engines and avionics of the vehicle for reuse. The Air Force probably spent around $ 1 billion on 'black' technology development tests at this time, including work on linear aerospike engines and high fineness lifting body shapes that would re-emerge again 30 years later in Lockheed's X-33 space shuttle successor.

NASA also had ambitious plans - for large space stations, lunar bases, nuclear interplanetary rocket stages, and manned Mars expeditions. NASA went through a long iterative process in designing and selecting the space shuttle, leading ultimately to the same conclusion as the Air Force. Initial Phase A concepts were for two stages, both either winged or lifting bodies, both recovered at the launch site for reuse. NASA explored some alternative concepts, including Lockheed's LS200 single orbiter with drop tank, and Chrysler's SERV ballistic single stage to orbit vehicle, before proceeding to Phase B. The Phase B designs were more refined but still used the same two-stage approach. At this point the controversy were over large cross-range winged designs, medium cross-range lifting body designs, and minimal cross-range stub-wing designs. NASA's Faget strongly pushed for the stub-wing design.

Eventually the Nixon administration advised NASA that not only were there to be no flights to Mars, no nuclear interplanetary stages, no space station, no more Saturn V's, no orbital transfer vehicle - but there wouldn't be a space shuttle either if NASA couldn't get the development cost down and get the USAF to participate. A USAF requirement was a large cross-range to allow recovery of the orbiter at Vandenberg AFB from polar orbits in the case of abort-once-around scenarios. This, together with wind tunnel studies indicating that Faget's straight wing was unstable at re-entry speeds, drove NASA to the delta wing. The reduction in development cost led NASA to throw away the concept of reusing anything but the engines and guidance systems. Instead the shuttle would be boosted by cheap solid fuel boosters and, taking a concept from the Air Force, the propellants would be put in a big expendable drop tank.

Following the usual charade of competitive bidding, NASA picked the same contractors as for X-15 and Apollo, who would build precisely the vehicle it had in mind. North American Rockwell was selected to build the orbiter, with its Rocketdyne Division making the main engines, Thiokol for the solid rocket boosters, and Martin Marietta for the External Tank, to be built at the government Saturn IC factory at Michoud.

To finance the Shuttle in the austere 1970's, already-built Apollo hardware that would have supported a second Skylab mission was sent to museums and American manned space flight went into a long hiatus. Budget cuts and overruns reduced the number of shuttles built from five to four and delayed the first flight from 1978 to 1981 (thereby ruining the plan to save Skylab on an early shuttle mission). Although several elements were cancelled (a space tug), the project did not much overrun its original cost (development ended up costing $ 6.744 billion in 1971 dollars, versus $ 5.15 billion estimated - less than a quarter of the Apollo program cost).

The pretext for the shuttle was that it would be much cheaper than expendable launch vehicles and would replace them all. Production was accordingly terminated by the US government of Delta, Atlas, and Titan vehicles. NASA staff and contractors were under incredible pressure to justify this decision by increasing the shuttle launch rate, lowering the turn-around time, and thereby reducing the cost per launch. When the shuttle Challenger exploded and the entire US space lift program was shut down for almost a year, the fallacy of this situation was exposed. The US Air Force and commercial users returned to use of expendable launch vehicles. When the shuttle began flying again, it was only for NASA programs.

In the final analysis the shuttle came up short in two areas. First, the shuttle orbiter ended up almost 20% over its specified weight - resulting in it being unable to boost the US Air Force's payloads into polar orbits from Vandenberg. Lighter filament-would casing Solid Rocket Boosters were being developed for use in flights from Vandenberg, but even this did not seem enough. After the Challenger explosion the USAF was able to extricate itself from the Shuttle program. The Vandenberg launch complex, built at the cost of billions, was mothballed. The Air Force started a new costly development program to design the Titan 4 expendable rocket for its large military payloads.

The second was that it failed, by most definitions, to reduce the cost of putting payloads into orbit. The shuttle program inherited from Apollo huge fixed costs - the Manned Spaceflight Center in Houston, the cadres of government and contractor workers at the Kennedy Space Center, and so on. The result was that there is a fixed base cost of around $ 2.8 billion per year, just to keep all those people and facilities in place, even if you don't conduct any flights at all (as occurred after the shuttle disaster). The marginal cost of each flight added to this base is under $ 100 million per year. Seen this way the shuttle is almost competitive expendable boosters - but doesn't come anywhere near the reductions NASA promised when development started. But if you divide the usual number of flights per year by the total costs, you come up with a figure of $ 245 million per year, significantly more than a Titan 4 or Proton launch with the same payload.

If the shuttle failed as a space truck, it succeeded in keeping the US in the manned spaceflight business in a period of low public interest and political support. With the excuse of delivering payloads to orbit, NASA got to fly up to seven astronauts and run a host of supplementary experiments and payloads with each flight.

With construction of the international space station beginning, NASA finally looked forward to using the shuttle for its intended purpose. Due to the lower than planned flight rate, NASA's contractors were confident they can keep the existing shuttles flying through 2030. The real test come when (as was inevitable) another shuttle was lost. NASA then decided to essentially to complete the station only enough to keep its international partners happy, then retire the shuttle by 2010. It was to be replaced by a modernized Apollo capsule, dubbed the Orion. The shuttle turned out to be a fifty-year detour to nowhere. By 2020 NASA hoped to have the sort of lunar base it would have had by 1980 if it had continued with Apollo rather than started the shuttle program.



Subtopics

STS-1 First rocketplane flight to orbit. First flight of space shuttle. The only time a new spacecraft was launched manned on its first flight. Many thought it would be a disaster.

STS-2 First reuse of a manned space vehicle. First use of a remote manipulator in space. First use of a Spacelab pallet. Second shuttle test flight. Experienced erosion of the primary O-ring in the right SRM aft field joint, the worst until the loss of the space shuttle Challenger.

STS-3 First and only landing by a shuttle at White Sands, New Mexico, after weather at Edwards did not permit landing there.

STS-4 First Getaway Specials flown. Fourth space shuttle test flight.

STS-5 First operational STS mission, first commercial communications satellites deployed, first four-person spacecraft crew. EVA cancelled because one astronaut was vomiting so severely due to space sickness.

STS-6 First flight of space shuttle Challenger. First space walk of Shuttle program. Deployed Tracking and Data Relay Satellite.

STS-7 First US woman in space. Record five crew aboard a single spacecraft to date. Thagard flew as physician to study space sickness, which had severely impacted STS-5 operations. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform.

STS-8 First African-American in space. First shuttle night launch and night landing. First night launch and night landing. Deployed Insat 1B.

STS-10 Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-9 Spacelab 1. First West German to fly in space. First Spacelab mission. Record six crew size in a single spacecraft. Suspect exhaust nozzle on right solid rocket booster. Landing delayed when two computers failed. Landed on fire when hydraulic pump leaked.

STS-41-B First untethered space walk. First shuttle landing at Kennedy Space Center. Deployed Westar 6, Palapa B2; tested Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). O-ring erosion in both the right hand nozzle joint and the left SRB forward field joint.

STS-12 Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after IUS failures.

STS-41-C First repair on orbit of a satellite, Solar Maximum Mission, snared by astronaut using MMU. Deployed LDEF. Experienced erosion of the primary O-ring in the right-hand nozzle joint.

STS-41-E Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-41-F Canceled after the STS-10 launch abort required reshuffling of the shuttle schedule. Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. The STS-41F payload was added to STS-41D.Officially "cancelled due to payload delays".

STS-41-D First flight of space shuttle Discovery; deployed SBS 4, Leasat 1, Telstar 3C. First launch attempt aborted at T-3 seconds after SSMEs ignited. Toilet failed during mission. First occurrence of blow-by in SRB field joints.

STS-41-H Planned Department of Defense or TDRS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-41-G First spaceflight to include two women. First American woman to walk in space. First Canadian astronaut. Record crew size aboard a single spacecraft. Deployed Earth Radiation Budget Satellite; performed high resolution Earth imagery.

STS-51-A First retrieval of two satellites (Palapa B-2 and Westar Vl) for return to earth. Deployed Anik D2, Leasat 2.

STS-51-C First shuttle military mission. Deployed USA 8 (Aquacade ELINT spacecraft). Experienced blow-by in both nozzle joints and erosion and blow-by in two case joints.

STS-51-E Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-51-AA Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-51-D First politician in space. Deployed Telesat-I (successful) and Syncom IV-3 (motor failed). Inboard right-side brake locked on landing, resulting in severe damage. Senator aboard resented, and had one of the worst cases of space sickness ever recorded.

STS-51-B Spacelab 3. Deployed Nusat. Conducted materials processing, environmental, life science, astrophysics, and technology experiments. Suffered the worst O-ring erosion experienced prior to the loss of Challenger

STS-51-G First Saudi astronaut. Deployed and retrieved Spartan 1; launched Morelos 1, Arabsat 1B, Telstar 3D. Experienced blow-by and erosion in both nozzle joints.

STS-51-DA Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled due to IUS failure.

STS-51-F Spacelab 2. At 5 minutes, 45 seconds into ascent the number one engine shut down prematurely due to a sensor problem and an abort to orbit was declared. Despite the anomaly the mission continued. Launched PDP; carried Spacelab 2.

STS-51-I First retrieval, repair, and relaunch of a satellite in orbit (Leasat 3). Launched Aussat 1, ASC 1, Leasat 4. Suffered primary O-ring erosion in two locations on the left-hand SRM nozzle joint.

STS-51-J First flight of shuttle Atlantis. Military mission, Deployed USA-11, USA-12.

STS-61-A Spacelab D-1. Record set of eight crew launched aboard a single spacecraft. First Dutch astronaut. Launched GLOMR. Six of the eight crew members were divided into a blue and red team working 12-hour shifts. Experienced O-ring erosion.

STS-51-H Planned EOM-1/2 shuttle mission. Cancelled due to payload delays.

STS-61-B Deployed Morelos 2, Aussat 2, Satcom K2, OEX. Experienced primary O-ring erosion in both nozzle joints

STS-61-C Launched Satcom K1. Second politician in space; he bumped Jarvis to later launch on which he was killed. Launch scrub saved crew from death due to undetected jammed SSME valve. Experienced nozzle joint O-ring erosion.

STS-51-L First shuttle launch from pad LC-39B. An O-ring failure in a solid rocket booster led to leaking of hot gases against the external tank; exploded 73 seconds after launch, all seven crew, with no means of escape, were killed when crew cabin hit the ocean.

STS-61-E Planned Astro-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-F Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Ulysses spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-G Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Galileo spacecraft. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-H Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-62-A Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. Would have been first launch from the ill-fated SLC-6 launch site at Vandenberg, California.

STS-61-M Planned TDRS/IUS deployment shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-J Planned shuttle mission for deployment of Hubble space telescope. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-N Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-I Planned shuttle LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) recovery mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-62-B Planned Department of Defense shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-61-K Planned EOM-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. No crew named, later combined with STS-61K

STS-61-L Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Would have launched the first American journalist in space from Launch Complex 39B. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-B Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-A Planned Astro-2 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-C Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-D Planned shuttle mission for deployment of commercial communications satellites. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-E Planned SLS-1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-F Planned shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-71-M Planned Astro-3 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-81-G Planned Spacelab-J shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-81-M Planned SLS-2 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster.

STS-51-K Planned Spacelab-D1 shuttle mission. Cancelled after Challenger disaster. No crew selected; renamed STS-61A

STS-26 First shuttle reflight after Challenger disaster. Deployed TDRS 3.

STS-27 Manned military mission. Robot arm used to deploy a classified satellite. At T+85 seconds a large piece of SRB nose cone struck the shuttle. The orbiter took 707 hits; one tile was knocked off. The crew was unsure if they would survive reentry.

STS-29 Deployed TDRS 4.

STS-30 Deployed Magellan Venus probe. One of five General Purpose Computers failed and had to be replaced with a sixth onboard hardware spare. First time a GPC was switched on orbit.

STS-28 Deployed two classified satellites.

STS-34 Deployed Galileo Jupiter probe.

STS-33 Deployed a classified payload.

STS-32 Deployed Leasat 5, retrieved LDEF. Night landing. Second bipod ramp foam loss.

STS-36 Classified mission in 62 degree orbit, the highest inclination orbit ever flown by an American mission. Launch delayed due to illness of crew members.

STS-31 Deployed the Hubble Space Telescope.

STS-41 Deployed Ulysses spacecraft.

STS-38 Deployed a classified payload. Launch delayed from July 1990 for series of technical problems. First post-Challenger landing at KSC after mission extended one day due to unacceptable crosswinds at original planned landing site, Edwards.

STS-35 Carried ASTRO-1 observatory. Launch scrubbed several times due to hydrogen leaks.

STS-37 Delivered the Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO) to orbit. Unscheduled EVA to manually deploy the GRO's high-gain antenna, which failed to deploy upon ground command.

STS-39 Deployed USA-70, CRO A, CRO B, CRO C; deployed and retrieved Infrared Background Signature Survey .

STS-40 Spacelab SLS-1. Carried life sciences experiments.

STS-43 Deployed TDRS 5 satellite.

STS-48 Deployed UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite; conducted materials and biological research.

STS-44 Deployed Defense Support Program satellite.

STS-42 Spacelab International Microgravity Laboratory-1.

STS-45 First Belgian astronaut. Carried ATLAS-1 experimental package.

STS-49 First flight of shuttle Endeavour. First three-person spacewalk. First active dual rendezvous of two orbiting spacecraft (Endeavour and Intelsat-6). Retrieved Intelsat 6 and attached new SRM. First deployment of a drag chute on the orbiter fleet.

STS-50 Spacelab USML-1 (United States Microgravity Laboratory). First extended-duration shuttle mission.

STS-46 First Italian astronaut. First Swiss astronaut. Deployed Eureca-1; failed to deploy Italian tether probe TSS-1.

STS-47 Spacelab-J. First on-time Shuttle launch since November 1985. First Japanese astronaut aboard shuttle. First African-American woman to fly in space. First married couple to fly on the same space mission. Conducted microgravity and biology experiments.

STS-52 Deployed Lageos 2, CTA. External tank lost a 10 x 20 cm corner of the left bipod ramp; orbiter took a higher-than-average 290 hits on upper and lower tiles.

STS-53 Deployed classified military satellite USA-89. The ODERACS payload was unable to be deployed because of payload equipment malfunction.

STS-54 Deployed TDRSS 6.

STS-56 First radio contact between Shuttle and Mir space station. Carried ATLAS-2; deployed and retrieved Spartan 201.

STS-55 Spacelab-D2. German materials experiments.

STS-57 First flight of Spacehab module. Retrieved Eureca-1 spacecraft.

STS-51 First shuttle night landing in Florida. Deployed and retrieved Orfeus-SPAS. During the EVA conducted tests in support of the Hubble Space Telescope first servicing mission and future EVAs, including Space Station assembly and maintenance.

STS-58 Spacelab SLS-2. Biological, microgravity experiments.

STS-61 Hubble repair mission. Conducted the most EVAs on a Space Shuttle flight to that date.

STS-60 First flight of a Russian cosmonaut aboard an American spacecraft. Deployed ODERACS A-F, Bremsat, carried Wake Shield Facility.

STS-62 Carried United States Microgravity Payload USMP-2, OAST-2, SAMPIE, TES, EISG experiments. The external tank lost a 2.4 x 7 cm piece of foam in the rear face of the left bipod ramp.

STS-59 Spacelab SRL-1 / SIR-C SAR radar. The Space Radar Laboratory obtained radar high-resolution images of approximately 25 percent of the planet's land surfaces.

STS-65 First Japanese woman to fly in space. Carried IML-2; microgravity, biology experiments.

STS-64 Flew Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE), Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN) 201-II experiments.

STS-68 Carried SIR-C SAR. Continued high-resolution radar mapping of the earth begun on STS-59.

STS-66 Carried Atlas-3 laboratory; deployed and retrieved CRISTA-SPAS.

STS-67 First shuttle mission connected to the Internet. Carried Astro 2 astronomy payload with 3 UV telescopes.

STS-70 Deployed TDRS 7.

STS-69 Deployed and retrieved Spartan 201, Wake Shield Facility 2.

STS-73 Carried USML-2 for microgravity experiments.

STS-72 Deployed and retrieved OAST Flyer; retrieved SFU Space Flyer Unit. Beside the two satellite retrievals, the mission included two spacewalks.

STS-75 Carried TSS-1R tether satellite; satellite tether broke during deployment, making TSS-1R an unintentional free flyer.

STS-77 Deployed and retrieved Spartan 2; deployed PAMS-STU; carried Spacehab module.

STS-78 Life and Microgravity Spacelab; human biological and microgravity experiments.

STS-80 Carried the Orfeus astronomy satellite, Wake Shield Facility. The shuttle's exit hatch would not open and NASA cancelled the planned spacewalks of the mission.

STS-82 Hubble repair mission; five spacewalks.

STS-83 First Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1) mission. Orbiter recalled to earth after three days of flight when one of three fuel cells failed. Mission reflown as STS-94.

STS-94 First shuttle mission reflight (same vehicle, crew, and payload as curtailed STS-83 mission). MSL-1 Microgravity Science Laboratory.

STS-85 Deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS-2 (the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2) designed to study Earth's middle atmosphere.

STS-87 Microgravity science mission. Spartan 201 was released, but had to be recaptured by hand during EVA. Loss of external tank intertank foam results in over 100 hits on orbiter heat shield.

STS-90 Neurolab.

STS-95 First Spanish astronaut. Oldest man in space, longest gap between two flights for an astronaut. The flight of STS-95 provoked more publicity for NASA than any other flight in years. Spartan 201 satellite released and retrieved.

STS-93 Delivered Chandra spacecraft. Hydrogen fuel leaked out during ascent, resulting in shuttle running out of propellant and ending up in an orbit 11 km lower than planned.

STS-103 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission SM-3A.

STS-99 Deployed the 61 meter long STRM mast, a side-looking radar that digitally mapped the entire land surface of the Earth between latitudes 60 deg N and 54 deg S.

STS-109 Hubble Servicing Mission 3B.

STS-107 First Israeli astronaut. Conducted experiments in Double Spacehab module. Crew perished when shuttle broke up during re-entry. Cause was damage to a leading-edge RCC from foam breaking off of external tank bipod strut.

STS-128A Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Flight 5. Flight delayed, then cancelled after the Columbia disaster. No crew had been named at the time of the loss of Columbia. Resurrected later after Congressional pressure.

STS-125 Fourth and final servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. Only shuttle mission authorized prior to shuttle retirement not to go to the ISS - therefore with no means of space rescue should the heat shield be damaged during ascent to orbit.

Family: Spaceplane. People: Glenn, Henize, Thornton, Bill, Lind, Young, Garriott, Brand, van den Berg, Lodewijk, Weitz, Engle, Garn, Peterson, Hartsfield, Musgrave, Lousma, Acton, Mattingly, Overmyer, Fullerton, Parker, McCandless, Allen, Crippen, Truly, Bobko, Fabian, Lenoir, Scobee, Griggs, Wang, Crouch, Furrer, Gregory, Frimout, Hauck, Merbold, Williams, Donald, England, Springer, Blaha, Nelson, Bill, Bluford, Lucid, Brandenstein, Creighton, Thagard, Casper, Bridges, McCulley, McBride, Durrance, Walker, Dave, Scully-Power, van Hoften, Jarvis, Nicollier, Spring, Veach, Shriver, Hoffman, Bartoe, Smith, Messerschmid, Shaw, Thuot, Grabe, Buchli, Mullane, Tryggvason, Bondar, Hughes-Fulford, Coats, Adamson, Baudry, Ockels, Fisher, William, Gaffney, Onizuka, Lounge, Covey, Bolden, Richards, O Connor, Malerba, Hart, Nagel, Gibson, Titov, Vladimir, Cleave, Carter, Seddon, Gardner, Guy, Ross, Mohri, Lichtenberg, Payton, Walker, McAuliffe, Cenker, Gardner, Cabana, Garneau, Dunbar, Voss, Resnik, Favier, Apt, Sacco, Leestma, Culbertson, Shepherd, Fisher, Tognini, Wilcutt, Cameron, Melnick, Tanner, Hilmers, Chang-Diaz, Cockrell, DeLucas, Nelson, Scott, Winston, Trinh, McNair, Meade, Kadenyuk, Reightler, Ivins, Akers, Parise, Ride, Gutierrez, Oswald, McArthur, Schlegel, Brady, Sullivan, Brown, Mark, Hawley, Thomas, Andrew, Leslie, Hammond, Readdy, Runco, Neri Vela, Bagian, Mukai, McMonagle, Pailes, Godwin, Henricks, Lee, Hennen, Thornton, Clifford, Wetherbee, Sega, Baker, Duffy, Thirsk, Thiele, Baker, Mike, Davis, Barry, Walter, Williams, Dave, Ashby, Ramon, Guidoni, Doi, Chilton, MacLean, Stewart, Linenger, Jones, Thomas, Precourt, Allen, Andy, Gemar, Walz, Hieb, Robinson, Low, Brown, Harbaugh, Brown, David, Gernhardt, Searfoss, Buckey, Harris, Al-Saud, Rominger, Wolf, Kregel, Halsell, Voss, Janice, Newman, Jemison, Bowersox, Collins, Eileen, Fettman, Foale, Horowitz, Carey, Gorie, Gregory, William, Husband, Bursch, Linnehan, Linteris, Helms, Ochoa, Lopez-Alegria, Wisoff, Krikalyov, Jett, Grunsfeld, Clervoy, Currie, Smith, Steven, Cheli, Jernigan, Lawrence, Kavandi, Altman, Hire, Anderson, Dunlap, Lindsey, Chiao, Pawelczyk, Coleman, Catherine, Clark, Chawla, Parazynski, McCool, Kilrain, Curbeam, Massimino, Weber, Mary, Duque, Wakata, Kelly, Scott. Country: USA. Spacecraft: Columbia, Challenger, TDRS, Discovery, Spartan, Atlantis, OEX Target, HS 601, AFP-675, MPEC, Endeavour, CTA, SEDS, Spacehab, SEDSAT. Flights: STS-1, STS-2, STS-3, STS-4, STS-5, STS-6, STS-7, STS-8, STS-10, STS-9, STS-41-B, STS-12, STS-41-C, STS-41-E, STS-41-F, STS-41-D, STS-41-H, STS-41-G, STS-51-A, STS-51-C, STS-51-E, STS-51-AA, STS-51-D, STS-51-B, STS-51-G, STS-51-DA, STS-51-F, STS-51-I, STS-51-J, STS-61-A, STS-51-H, STS-61-B, STS-61-C, STS-51-L, STS-61-E, STS-61-F, STS-61-G, STS-61-H, STS-62-A, STS-61-M, STS-61-J, STS-61-N, STS-61-I, STS-62-B, STS-61-K, STS-61-L, STS-71-B, STS-71-C, STS-71-D, STS-71-E, STS-71-F, STS-81-M, STS-26, STS-27, STS-29, STS-30, STS-28, STS-34, STS-33, STS-32, STS-36, STS-31, STS-41, STS-38, STS-35, STS-37, STS-39, STS-40, STS-43, STS-48, STS-44, STS-42, STS-45, STS-49, STS-50, STS-46, STS-47, STS-52, STS-53, STS-54, STS-56, STS-55, STS-57, STS-51, STS-58, STS-61, STS-60, STS-62, STS-59, STS-65, STS-64, STS-68, STS-66, STS-67, STS-70, STS-69, STS-73, STS-72, STS-75, STS-77, STS-78, STS-80, STS-82, STS-83, STS-94, STS-85, STS-87, STS-90, STS-95, STS-93, STS-103, STS-99, STS-109, STS-107, STS-128A. Launch Vehicles: Space Shuttle, Atlas IIA, Delta 7326-9.5. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral. Agency: NASA, DARPA, NASA Greenbelt, NASA Houston, El Segundo, .
Photo Gallery

Shuttle OrbiterShuttle Orbiter
Shuttle Orbiter side view
Credit: © Mark Wade


Shuttle OrbiterShuttle Orbiter
Shuttle Orbiter 2 view
Credit: © Mark Wade



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1977 February 25 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 February 28 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 March 2 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 March 16 - .
1977 March 21 - .
1977 April 1 - .
1977 April 6 - .
1977 May 20 - .
1977 May 26 - .
1977 May 27 - .
1977 May 31 - .
1977 May 31 - .
1977 May 31 - .
1977 June 3 - .
1977 June 7 - .
1977 June 18 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 June 23 - .
1977 June 24 - .
1977 June 28 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 July 5 - .
1977 July 8 - .
1977 July 14 - .
1977 July 18 - .
1977 July 22 - .
1977 July 26 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 August 12 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 August 26 - .
1977 September 7 - .
1977 September 10 - .
1977 September 13 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 September 23 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 September 30 - .
1977 October 12 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 October 26 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 October 28 - .
1977 November 4 - .
1977 November 7 - .
1977 November 7 - .
1977 November 15 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 November 16 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 November 17 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 November 18 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 December 9 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1977 December 12 - .
1977 December 13 - .
1977 December 31 - .
1978 January 10 - .
1978 January 18 - .
1978 February 10 - .
1978 February 14 - .
1978 February 17 - .
1978 February 24 - .
1978 March 3 - .
1978 March 6 - .
1978 March 10 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards.
1978 March 13 - .
1978 March 19 - .
1978 March 31 - .
1978 March 31 - .
1978 April 14 - .
1978 April 21 - .
1978 April 23 - .
1978 April 24 - .
1978 April 28 - .
1978 May 19 - .
1978 May 26 - .
1978 May 26 - .
1978 May 30 - .
1978 May 31 - .
1978 June 15 - .
1978 July 3 - .
1978 July 7 - .
1978 July 7 - .
1978 July 13 - .
1978 July 15 - .
1978 July 21 - .
1978 July 31 - .
1978 August 11 - .
1978 August 11 - .
1978 August 11 - .
1978 August 14 - .
1978 August 31 - .
1978 September 8 - .
1978 September 20 - .
1978 September 25 - .
1978 September 29 - .
1978 September 30 - .
1978 October 19 - .
1978 November 11 - .
1978 November 15 - .
1978 November 15 - .
1978 November 30 - .
1978 December 9 - .
1978 December 15 - .
1979 January 1 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1979 January 2 - .
1979 January 30 - .
1979 January 31 - .
1979 January 31 - .
1979 January 31 - .
1979 February 3 - .
1979 February 16 - .
1979 February 17 - .
1979 February 26 - .
1979 February 28 - .
1979 March 5 - .
1979 March 8 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards.
1979 March 9 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1979 March 17 - .
1979 March 20 - .
1979 March 22 - .
1979 March 23 - .
1979 March 24 - .
1979 March 30 - .
1979 April 6 - .
1979 April 10 - .
1979 April 16 - .
1979 April 18 - .
1979 May 4 - .
1979 May 10 - .
1979 May 15 - .
1979 May 30 - .
1979 June 12 - .
1979 June 15 - .
1979 June 21 - .
1979 July 2 - .
1979 July 23 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A.
1979 August 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1979 August 6 - .
1979 August 10 - .
1979 August 11 - .
1979 August 12 - .
1979 August 13 - .
1979 August 14 - .
1979 August 15 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1979 August 16 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards.
1979 August 23 - . Launch Site: Edwards. Launch Complex: Edwards.
1979 August 27 - .
1979 August 31 - .
1979 Late - .
1981 April 12 - . 12:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1981 April 14 - .
1981 November 12 - . 15:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1981 November 14 - .
1982 March 22 - . 16:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1982 March 30 - .
1982 June 27 - . 15:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1982 July 4 - .
1982 November 11 - . 12:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1982 November 16 - .
1983 April 4 - . 18:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1983 April 8 - . 21:05 GMT - .
1983 April 9 - .
1983 June 18 - . 11:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1983 June 24 - .
1983 August 30 - . 06:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1983 September 5 - .
1983 November - .
1983 November 8 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1983 November 28 - . 16:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984-1986 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 February 3 - . 13:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 February 7 - .
1984 February 9 - .
1984 February 11 - .
1984 March - .
1984 April 6 - . 13:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 April 8 - . 14:18 GMT - .
1984 April 11 - . 08:58 GMT - .
1984 April 13 - .
1984 June 26 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 July - .
1984 August - .
1984 August 30 - . 12:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 September - .
1984 September 5 - .
1984 October 5 - . 11:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 October 11 - .
1984 October 13 - .
1984 November 8 - . 12:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1984 November 12 - . 13:25 GMT - .
1984 November 14 - .
1984 November 16 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1984 November 16 - .
1985 January 24 - . 19:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 January 27 - .
1985 March - .
1985 April - .
1985 April 12 - . 13:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 April 16 - .
1985 April 19 - .
1985 April 29 - . 16:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 June 17 - . 11:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 June 24 - .
1985 July - .
1985 July 12 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 July 29 - . 21:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 August 27 - . 10:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 August 31 - .
1985 September 1 - .
1985 September 3 - .
1985 October 3 - . 15:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 October 7 - .
1985 October 15 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1985 October 30 - . 17:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 November 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 November 27 - . 00:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1985 November 29 - .
1985 December 1 - .
1985 December 3 - .
1986 January 12 - . 11:55 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1986 January 18 - .
1986 January 28 - . 16:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle. FAILURE: Seal on SRB failed, allowed hot gas to burn through External Tank.. Failed Stage: 0.
1986 March - .
1986 May - .
1986 May - .
1986 June - .
1986 July - .
1986 July - .
1986 August - .
1986 September - .
1986 September - .
1986 September - .
1986 October - .
1986 November - .
1986 December - .
1987 January - .
1987 January - .
1987 February - .
1987 March - .
1987 March - .
1987 August - .
1988 February - .
1988 May 13 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1988 July - .
1988 September 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1988 September 29 - . 15:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1988 October 3 - .
1988 December 2 - . 14:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1988 December 6 - .
1989 March 13 - . 14:57 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1989 March 18 - .
1989 May 4 - . 18:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1989 May 8 - .
1989 August 8 - . 12:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1989 August 13 - .
1989 September 20 - . Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: Vandenberg.
1989 October 18 - . 16:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1989 October 23 - .
1989 November 23 - . 00:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1989 November 28 - .
1990 January 9 - . 12:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1990 January 20 - .
1990 February 28 - . 07:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1990 March 4 - .
1990 April 24 - . 12:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1990 October 6 - . 11:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1990 October 10 - .
1990 November 15 - . 23:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1990 November 20 - .
1990 December 2 - . 06:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 April 5 - . 14:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 April 7 - .
1991 April 8 - .
1991 April 11 - .
1991 April 28 - . 11:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 May 6 - .
1991 June 5 - . 13:24 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 August 2 - . 15:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 August 10 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 August 11 - .
1991 September 12 - . 23:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 September 18 - .
1991 November 24 - . 23:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1991 December 2 - .
1992 January 22 - . 14:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 February 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 March 24 - . 13:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 May 7 - . 23:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 May 11 - . 20:40 GMT - .
1992 May 12 - . 21:05 GMT - .
1992 May 14 - . 21:17 GMT - .
1992 May 15 - .
1992 May 16 - .
1992 June 25 - . 16:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 July 31 - . 13:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 August 8 - .
1992 September 12 - . 14:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 October 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 October 22 - . 17:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 November 1 - .
1992 November 8 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 December 2 - . 13:24 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1992 December 9 - .
1993 January 13 - . 13:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 January 17 - .
1993 January 19 - .
1993 March 22 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 April 8 - . 05:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 April 26 - . 14:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 June 21 - . 13:07 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 June 25 - .
1993 August 12 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 September 12 - . 11:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 September 16 - . 08:40 GMT - .
1993 September 22 - .
1993 October 18 - . 14:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 December 2 - . 09:27 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1993 December 5 - . 03:44 GMT - .
1993 December 6 - . 03:29 GMT - .
1993 December 7 - . 03:35 GMT - .
1993 December 8 - . 03:13 GMT - .
1993 December 9 - . 03:30 GMT - .
1994 February 3 - . 12:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 March 4 - . 13:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 March 18 - .
1994 April 9 - . 11:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 April 20 - .
1994 July 8 - . 16:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 August 18 - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 September 9 - . 22:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 September 16 - . 14:42 GMT - .
1994 September 20 - .
1994 September 30 - . 11:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1994 October 11 - .
1994 November 3 - . 16:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 February 3 - . 05:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 February 9 - . 11:56 GMT - .
1995 March 2 - . 06:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 July 13 - . 13:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 July 22 - .
1995 September 7 - . 15:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 September 16 - . 08:20 GMT - .
1995 September 18 - .
1995 September 27 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 October 20 - . 13:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 January 11 - . 09:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 January 15 - . 05:35 GMT - .
1996 January 17 - . 05:40 GMT - .
1996 January 20 - .
1996 February 22 - . 20:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 March 9 - .
1996 May 19 - . 10:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 June 20 - . 14:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 August 6 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 November 19 - . 19:55 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 December 7 - .
1997 February 11 - . 08:55 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 February 14 - . 04:34 GMT - .
1997 February 15 - . 03:25 GMT - .
1997 February 16 - . 02:53 GMT - .
1997 February 17 - . 03:45 GMT - .
1997 February 18 - . 03:15 GMT - .
1997 April 4 - . 19:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 July 1 - . 18:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 July 17 - .
1997 August 7 - . 14:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 November 1 - . LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 November 19 - . 19:46 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 November 25 - . 00:02 GMT - .
1997 December 3 - . 09:09 GMT - .
1998 April 17 - . 18:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1998 October 24 - . 12:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC17A. Launch Pad: SLC17A. LV Family: Thor. Launch Vehicle: Delta 7326-9.5.
1998 October 29 - .
1998 October 29 - .
1998 October 29 - . 19:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1998 October 30 - .
1998 October 30 - .
1998 October 31 - .
1998 October 31 - .
1998 November 1 - .
1998 November 1 - .
1998 November 2 - .
1998 November 2 - .
1998 November 3 - .
1998 November 3 - .
1998 November 4 - .
1998 November 4 - .
1998 November 5 - .
1998 November 5 - .
1998 November 6 - .
1998 November 6 - .
1998 November 7 - .
1998 November 7 - .
1998 November 7 - .
1999 July 23 - .
1999 July 23 - .
1999 July 23 - .
1999 July 23 - . 04:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1999 July 24 - .
1999 July 24 - .
1999 July 25 - .
1999 July 25 - .
1999 July 26 - .
1999 July 26 - .
1999 July 27 - .
1999 July 27 - .
1999 July 27 - .
1999 July 28 - .
1999 December 19 - .
1999 December 20 - .
1999 December 20 - .
1999 December 20 - . 00:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1999 December 21 - .
1999 December 21 - .
1999 December 22 - .
1999 December 22 - .
1999 December 23 - .
1999 December 23 - .
1999 December 23 - . 18:54 GMT - .
1999 December 24 - .
1999 December 24 - .
1999 December 24 - . 19:06 GMT - .
1999 December 25 - .
1999 December 25 - .
1999 December 25 - . 19:17 GMT - .
1999 December 26 - .
1999 December 26 - .
1999 December 27 - .
1999 December 27 - .
2000 February 11 - .
2000 February 11 - .
2000 February 11 - . 17:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2000 February 12 - .
2000 February 12 - .
2000 February 13 - .
2000 February 13 - .
2000 February 14 - .
2000 February 14 - .
2000 February 15 - .
2000 February 15 - .
2000 February 16 - .
2000 February 16 - .
2000 February 17 - .
2000 February 17 - .
2000 February 18 - .
2000 February 18 - .
2000 February 19 - .
2000 February 19 - .
2000 February 20 - .
2000 February 20 - .
2000 February 21 - .
2000 February 21 - .
2000 February 22 - .
2000 February 22 - .
2000 February 22 - .
2000 June 30 - . 12:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC36A. Launch Pad: SLC36A. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas IIA.
2002 March 1 - . 11:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2002 March 8 - . 22:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC36A. Launch Pad: SLC36A. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas IIA.
2002 December 5 - . 02:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC36A. Launch Pad: SLC36A. LV Family: Atlas. Launch Vehicle: Atlas IIA.
2003 January 16 - . 15:39 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2003 February 1 - .

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