The designations of Soviet missiles, launch vehicles, and spacecraft were considered state secrets. Therefore as long as that state existed very few of the designations were made public. During the Cold War the missiles were referred to by a sequential code assigned by the US Central Inteligence Agency or by a code name assigned by the NATO ASCC Reporting Committee. The CIA codes consisted of letters indicating the role of the missile followed by a number assigned in the sequence in which the missile was detected (usually by telemetry intercepted during missile tests). See Aleksey Martinov's Designations Of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles at Andreas Parsch's designation-systems.net for a complete listing.
Whatever true designations became known to the western intelligence agencies were not made public in order to conceal intelligence 'sources and methods'. This suited the Soviets. In order to preserve their state secrets they went so far as to use the CIA designations for their missiles in the 1972 SALT-1 Treaty. During the SALT-2 and INF treaty negotiations the US side pressed for true Soviet designations to be used. The Soviets eventually obliged by creating a bogus series of 'RS' designations. These were perversely assigned similar to an existing real designation system but in a slightly different sequence.
The actual system used within the Soviet Union consisted of two designations: 'secret' and 'public' (although both were considered state secrets!)
The 'secret' designation for large ballistic missiles and space launchers consisted of the letter R followed by a sequential number, followed by letters indicating a modification to the basic design (e.g. R-1, R-2, R-3, R-5; R-5M for modernised or maritime version, R-14U for universal version, etc.). This number sequence originated in the late 1940's and was shared between a Russian team under Chief Designer Korolev and a 'guest' German team under Groettrup. The German team knew their own designs only under a 'public' system of 'G' (for Groettrup) numbers. Unknown to them, the designs had a parallel secret 'R-' designation. The first two designs, the R-1 and R-2, were joint efforts. Korolev made sure he had the 'lucky' odd numbers (R-3, R-5, R-7, R-9, R-11, but not R-13!), while the Germans were assigned numbers beginning with 10 (R-10, R-12 through R-15). By the mid-1950's the German group was disbanded and additional Russian design bureaux were set up for rocket design (Glushko, Makeyev, Yangel). The lower even 'R-' numbers were reassigned to German designs and the unused designations from R-8 and up were re-used for the designs of the new bureaux . A second sequence was begun for solid propellant missiles with the 'RT-' prefix in the late 1950's when development of these began (raketa toplivniy, solid fuel rocket). A series for orbital weapons launchers (GR-, 'global rocket') was begun but the only missile deployed in this system retained its R- designation (R-36-O, 'O' for 'orbital').
In the 1960's consistent use of the sequence began to break down after 39 numbers had been allocated. The Chief Designers wanted to 'trademark' their designs with unique designation series. First, Chelomei introduced his own sequence of 'UR-' (universal rocket) designations. Korolev introduced his 'N' sequence for future space launchers (N=nositel = carrier rocket). Yangel, taking a leaf from Boeing, decided to 'trademark' his rockets by using the series R-16, R-26, R-36, R-46, R-56 for major projects. Thus he skipped ahead, leaving whole blocks of numbers unused. Nadiradze began his own series of solid propellant rockets with the 'Temp-' designation. The assignment of new numbers within this system ended with the reorganisation of the Soviet missile industry in 1966. Thereafter missiles replacing earlier designs given suffix letters indicating modification of an existing design, even if the missile was completely new.
There were hints of this system in the West from the late 1960's when histories of Soviet rocketry would refer to older designs by these numbers. The most notable example was the term 'semyorka' or 'good ol' number seven' used for the R-7 rocket that launched Sputnik. Furthermore designations announced for scientific sounding rockets (V =vertikal) derived from military designs retained their sequence (e.g. V1 = R-1, V2 = R-2, V5 = R-5).
The 'secret' rocket designations are given below.
The 'public' designation may be considered the 'real' designation of the rocket. An example of such a number was first explicitly revealed in the book Inside the Soviet Army by the defector "Suvorov" in 1983. On page 127 he reveals both the secret and public designations for the UR-100 / 8K84 ICBM (known to the west as the SS-11 Sego). 8K84 was the number actually used for configuration control and to assign part number sequences for sub-components of the system. This was the reason it was known as the 'public' designation - because the number itself would be known to hundreds of thousands of workers across the Soviet Union. They wouldn't necessarily know what the part they were working on would go into, but they would know that it was for 'article' 8K84.
Of course a missile can be considered at many levels of integration. At the top level there is the entire system - not just the missile itself but its launcher or silo, and associated control or guidance facilities. There is the missile itself, which in later Soviet practice was integrated with a sealed container, ready to be fired at short notice over a guaranteed lifetime measured in decades. Next was the missile as it actually flew through the air. Then there were the modular sub-components of the rocket - such as its warhead, guidance system, separate stages, and engines. A final level below this would be the components - structural elements, engine and electronic system components, and so on.
The designation system at the top few levels used a consistent format and consisted of three parts:
The two digit sequences seem to have originally been assigned in blocks of ten to the leading design bureaux. These allocations for large ballistic missiles were:
Deviations.
Article numbers for some early Soviet ballistic missiles indicate a different system in the early 1950's. Designations reported for the Energia booster and the Zenit launch vehicle also do not fit into the system. These deviant designations include:
Designations for Soviet ballistic missiles and satellites were as follows:
Secret Number | DoD | NATO | Article No | SALT/Other | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-1 | SS-1A | Scunner | 8K11 | Soviet production copy of the German V-2, in service from 1953. | |
R-2 | SS-2 | Sibling | 8Zh38 | Development of the R-1 with double the range and a deadly radiological warhead. | |
R-3 | Korolev design for a long-range missile that exceeded the limits of Soviet technology of the time. Abandoned. | ||||
R-4 | G-1 | Designation given to Groettrup's 600 km range design. | |||
R-5 | SS-3 | Shyster | 8K62 | Pobeda | Yangel design for first Soviet intermediate range missile with a range of 1200 km, |
R-6 | G-2 | Groettrup's design for an IRBM with a 2500 km range. | |||
R-7 | SS-6 | Sapwood | 8K71 | Korolev design for the world's first ICBM and first orbital launch vehicle. The 8K71 version was never actually put into military service, being succeeded by the R-7A 8K74. | |
R-8 | Originally used for Groettrup G-1M/G-3 IRBM design. Reused for 1956 Glushko project for a multistage 650t ICBM powered by Lox/UDMH. | ||||
R-9 | SS-8 | Sasin | 8K75 | Second generation ICBM developed by Korolev using liquid oxygen/kerosene propellants. | |
R-10 | G-1 | Original designation given to Groettrup's G-1 600 km range rocket designed. Reused for a Glushko 1500 tonne space booster design advoated by Glushko in competiton with Korolev's N-1. | |||
R-11 | SS-1B | Scud | 8K14 | Makeyev's missile with V-2 performance but using storable propellants. A development became the first Russian submarine-launched ballistic missile. | |
R-12 | SS-4 | Sandal | 8K63 | G-2 | Designation originally given to Groettrup's G-2 IRBM design. Later reused for Yangel's 8K63, the first operationally effective intermediate range ballistic missile. |
R-13 | SS-N-4 | Sark | 4K50 | G-3 | Originally allocated to Groettrup's G-3 IRBM design. Reused for Makeyev's first nuclear-armed SLBM. |
R-14 | SS-5 | Skean | 8K65 | G-4 | Originally allocated to Groettrup's 3000 km missile design. Reused for Yangel's 3600 km range equivalent. |
R-15 | G-5 | Originally allocated to either Groettrup's G-5 ICBM designed. Reused for Yuzhnoye 1000 km range SLBM, related to the light ICBM later designated R-26/8K66. | |||
R-16 | SS-7 | Saddler | 8K64 | Yangel's design was the Soviet Union's first practical ICBM, a two stage vehicle using storable propellants. | |
R-17 | SS-1C | Scud C | 9K72 | Makeyev's final refinement of the R-11 design, widely exported and infamous around the world as the Scud. | |
R-18 | Details not known. | ||||
R-19 | Details not known. | ||||
R-20 | Glushko giant space booster, 2000 tonnes lift-off mass. | ||||
R-21 | SS-N-5 | Serb | 4K55 | First Soviet SLBM with submerged launch capabilities. | |
R-22 | Details not known. | ||||
R-23 | Details not known. | ||||
R-24 | Details not known. | ||||
R-25 | Details not known. | ||||
R-26 | 8K66 | Yangel two stage light ICBM developed 1960-1962, but cancelled. | |||
R-27 | Serb | 4K10 | RSM-25 | Makeyev SLBM. | |
R-28 | Details not known. | ||||
R-29 | SS-N-8 | Sawfly | 4K75 | RSM-40 | Designation used for a long family of Makeyev heavy SLBM's. |
R-29R | SS-N-18 | Stingray | 4K75DU | RSM-50 | Replacement for R-29. |
R-29RM | SS-N-23 | Skif | 4K75RM | RSM-54 | Replacement for R-29. |
R-30 | Details not known. | ||||
R-31 | SS-N-17 | Snipe | RSM-45 | Arsenal SLBM. | |
R-32 | Details not known. | ||||
R-33 | Details not known. | ||||
R-34 | Details not known. | ||||
R-35 | Details not known. | ||||
R-36 | SS-9 | Scarp | 8K67 | Designation given to Yangel's heavyweight ICBM and its successors. | |
R-36M | SS-18 | Satan | RS-20 | Completely different replacement series for R-36. | |
R-37 | Details not known. | ||||
R-38 | Small, economical ICBM studied by Yangel as an alternative to Chelomei's UR-100. Both one and two stage variants were considered. Work ended when Yangel was ordered to concentrate on R-36. | ||||
R-39 | SS-N-20 | Sturgeon | RSM-52 | Makeyev heavy SLBM family. | |
R-39M | SS-N-28 | RSM-52M | Replacement for R-39. | ||
R-40 to R-45 | Probably not allocated. | ||||
R-46 | Super-heavy ICBM designed by Yangel in 1963-1966. The original R-56 super-booster concept consisted of clustered R-46's. | ||||
R-47 to R-55 | Probably not allocated. | ||||
R-56 | 8K68 | Yangel super-rocket design of the 1960's that competed with the UR-500, UR-700, and N1. | |||
GR-1 | Global rocket requirement for single-warhead orbital nuclear weapons system. Competing designs were Korolev 8K51, Chelomei UR-200, and Yangel R-36. | ||||
GR-2 | Global rocket requirement for multiple-warhead orbital nuclear weapons system. Competing designs were Korolev N111 Chelomei UR-500, and Yangel R-56. | ||||
RT-1 | 8K95 | First large Soviet solid propellant ballistic missile developed and tested in 1959-1963, but no production. | |||
RT-15 | SS-14 | Scapegoat (Scamp) | 8K96 | The RT-15 IRBM used the second and third stages if the RT-2 ICBM. Makeyev designed a submarine-launched version. | |
RT-2 | SS-13 Mod.1 | Savage | 8K98 | RS-12 | Soviet Union's first solid propellant ICBM developed 1961-1968. |
RT-2PM | SS-25 | Sickle | 15Zh58 | RS-12M | Completely different replacement for RT-2. |
RT-2PM2 | SS-27/SS-29 | RS-12M1 | Solid propellant ICBM set to replace all older models in the first decade of the 21st Century. | ||
RT-20 | SS-15 | Scrooge | 8K99 | Yangel design for a mixed propulsion solid/liquid ICBM. Cancelled 1969. | |
RT-21 | Three-stage solid propellant ICBM. Studies were completed in 1966 - it was decided not to proceed with the concept. | ||||
RT-22 | Follow-on study to the RT-21 for a train-launched solid-propellant ICBM. It reached the stage of an advanced project in 1969. | ||||
RT-23 | SS-24 Mod 1 | Scalpel | 15Zh60 | RS-22 | The only rail-based ICBM ever deployed. Developed by Yuzhnoye, deployment from 1988. |
RT-24 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
RT-25 | 8K97 | IRBM using the first and third stages of the RT-2 ICBM. | |||
Temp-S | SS-12/SS-22 | Scaleboard | 9K76 | Nadiradze design for first solid propellant tactical ballistic missile. | |
Temp-2S | SS-16 | Sinner | 15Zh42 | RS-14 | Nadiradze design for first operational mobile ICBM. |
N-1 | 11A52 | Korolev design for a superheavy booster for the Soviet manned lunar, space station, and manned Mars programmes. Cancelled in1974 after four launch failures. | |||
N-11 | 11A53 | Korolev design for a heavy orbital launch vehicle that would use the second, third, and fourth stages of the N1. | |||
N-111 | 11A54 | Korolev design for a medium orbital launch vehicle using the third and fourth stages of the N1, and the second stage of the R-9 ICBM. | |||
UR-100 | SS-11 Mod.1 | Sego | 8K84 | RS-10 | Lightweight ICBM was the Soviet answer to the US Minuteman and was deployed in larger numbers than any other in history. |
UR-100N | SS-19 Mod 1 and Mod 2 | Stilleto | 15A30 | RS-18 | The UR-100N was designed as a replacement for the UR-100 at the end of its ten year storage life. Although it could be installed in the same silos, it was 50% heavier. |
MR-UR-100 | RS-16 | Design of Yangel that competed with the UR-100N. Also put into production. | |||
UR-200 | SS-10 | 8K81, 8K83 | Universal rocket designed by Chelomei to cover the ICBM, FOBS, satellite launch vehicle, and spaceplane booster roles. Flight tested in 1963-1964 but cancelled in favour of Yangel's R-36. | ||
UR-300 | Not allocated. Allegedly the dash numbers referred to order-of-magnitude payload. | ||||
UR-400 | Not allocated. Allegedly the dash numbers referred to order-of-magnitude payload. | ||||
UR-500 | 8K82 | GR-1 | Chelomei design for a monster ICBM. Flown in 1965, but never deployed. Succeeded by three and four stage space launch versions which continue in use as the 'Proton' series. | ||
UR-600 | Not allocated. Allegedly the dash numbers referred to order-of-magnitude payload. | ||||
UR-700 | Chelomei super-rocket design for direct manned flight by the LK-700 spacecraft to the surface of the moon. | ||||
UR-700M | Chelomei 1969 super-duper rocket design for launching manned Mars expeditions. The 16,000 tonne booster had an earth orbit payload of 750 tonnes. | ||||
UR-800 | Not allocated. Allegedly the dash numbers referred to order-of-magnitude payload. | ||||
UR-900 | Storable propellant rocket proposed by Chelomei for a Mars expedition using UR-700 components. | ||||
Sequence | Article | Rocket | Designer | DoD | NATO | Other Designation | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
51 | 8K51 | R-5M | Korolev | SS-3 Mod.2 | Shyster | Pobeda | The R-5M was Korolev's modification of the R-5, resulting in the first Russian nuclear-tipped missile. |
51 | 11A510 | Vostok 11A510 | Korolev | SL-5 | Version of R-7 launch vehicle with Vostok second stage and unknown third stage used only twice to launch prototype RORSATs. | ||
51 | 11A511 | Soyuz 11A511 | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Soyuz | Standardized launch vehicle designed to replace a proliferation of earlier models (8K72, 8A91, 8K74, 8K78, 11A57). |
51 | 11A511L | Soyuz 11A511L | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Soyuz | 11A511 with reinforced second stage, large fairing for earth orbit test of LK lunar lander. |
51 | 11A511M | Soyuz 11A511M | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Soyuz | The Kozlov filial of Korolev's OKB-1 design to launch Soyuz 7K-VI manned military spacecraft. Cancelled. |
51 | 11A511U | Soyuz 11A511U | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Soyuz | Standardised orbital launch vehicle derived from the original R-7 ICBM that was launched in the greatest numbers in history. |
51 | 11A511U2 | Soyuz 11A511U2 | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Soyuz | Soyuz 11A511U2 used synthetic kerosene ('Sintin') in first stage for launch of premium reconnaisance satellite and manned payloads requiring just a bit more payload than the standard 11A511 could offer. Further use of the 11A511U2 abandoned in 1996. |
51 | 11A512 | Korolev | Unknown allocation. | ||||
51 | 11A513 | GR-1 | Korolev | Scrag | FOBS version of GR-1. | ||
51 | 8K513 | GR-1 | Korolev | Scrag | ASAT version of GR-1. Little has emerged about Korolev's ASAT project, designed in competition with Chelomei's in 1961-1964. | ||
51 | 11A514 | Soyuz 11A514 | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Vostok | Version of Soyuz launcher with increased payload, designed to launch Soyuz R military reconnaisance satellite. Cancelled along with the Soyuz R project in 1966. |
52 | 11A52 | N1 1964 | Korolev | SL-15 | The N1 launch vehicle for the N1-L3 lunar landing mission. | ||
53 | 11A53 | N11 | Korolev | The N11 would use the second, third, and fourth stages of the N1. | |||
54 | 11A54 | N-111 | Korolev | The N111 would use the third and fourth stages of the N1, and the second stage of Korolev’s R-9 ICBM. | |||
55 | 11K55 | Soyuz 11K55 | Korolev | Version of Voskhod designed to launch Sever manned spacecraft. Never went beyond design stage. | |||
56 | 11K56 | Soyuz 11K56 | Korolev | Version of Voskhod designed to launch Sever manned spacecraft. Never went beyond design stage. | |||
57 | 11A57 | Voskhod 11A57 | Korolev | SL-4 | Sapwood | Vostok | The 11A57 took the large third stage originally developed for the 8K78 interplanetary probe projects and applied it to increasing R-7 low earth orbit performance. It was primarily designed to launch the Zenit-4 reconnaisance satellite, but was also used f |
58 | 11A58 | Korolev | Unknown allocation. | ||||
59 | 11A59 | Polyot 11A59 | Korolev | SL-10 | Polyot | Two stage version of Vostok 11A57. Used for flight test of prototype Chelomei ASAT. | |
61 | 8A61 | R-11 | Korolev | SS-1 | Scud | First Russian ballistic missile using storable propellants. Developed by Korolev OKB, then Makeyev OKB spun off to develop Army and SLBM derivatives. | |
61 | 8K61 | R-11FM | Makeyev | First Russian submarine-launched ballistic missile. Range 150 km with 967 kg warhead. Following protracted testing the design was accepted by the military in 1959 but never put into operational service. | |||
62 | 8K62 | R-5 | Korolev | SS-3 Mod 1 | Shyster | Military production version of R-5 IRBM. | |
63 | 11K63 | Kosmos 11K63 | Yangel | SL-7 | Sandal | Kosmos 2I | Series production version of satellite launcher based on Yangel R-12 IRBM. |
63 | 8K63 | R-12 | Yangel | SS-4 Mod.1 | Sandal | The R-12 was the first operationally effective intermediate range ballistic missile, the first Soviet missile deployed with a thermonuclear warhead, and the first mass-produced missile in history. | |
63 | 8K63U | R-12 | Yangel | SS-4 Mod 2 | Sandal | Universal version of the R-12U, for pad-launch or from the 'Dvina' silo complex. | |
64 | 11K64 | R-16 | Yangel | Tsiklon-1 | Space launch version of R-16, never went beyond design stage. | ||
64 | 8K64 | R-16 | Yangel | SS-7 Mod 1 | Saddler | The Soviet Union's first practical ICBM, a two stage vehicle using storable propellants. | |
64 | 8K64U | R-16 | Yangel | SS-7 Mod.2 | Saddler | Standardised version of R-16, for either pad or silo launch. | |
65 | 11K65 | Kosmos 11K65 | Yangel | SL-8 | Skean | Kosmos 3 | Initial serial production version was the Kosmos-3, built at the Krasnoryarsk Machine Factory. Flew only four times, with two failures, before being succeeded by the modernized production version under the responsibility of NPO Polyot. |
65 | 8K65 | R-14 | Yangel | SS-5 Mod 1 | Skean | The R-14, with a range of 3600 km, was the only missile of that range class to be fielded. A key element in the Cuba missile crisis, it thereafter was part of the nuclear deterrent targeted at NATO and China. | |
65 | 11K65M | Kosmos 11K65M | Yangel | SL-8 | Skean | Kosmos 3M | Definitive and prolific production version of satellite launcher based on Yangel R-14 IRBM. |
65 | 8K65U | R-14 | Yangel | SS-5 Mod 2 | Skean | Universal version, for pad-launch or from silo complex 'Chusovaya'. | |
66 | 8K66 | R-26 | Yangel | Two stage light ICBM developed 1960-1962, but cancelled so that Yangel could concentrate his efforts on the R-36. | |||
67 | 11K67 | Tsyklon | Yangel | SL-11 | Scarp | Tsiklon | Space-launch version of the R-36. |
67 | 8K67 | R-36 | Yangel | SS-9 Mod 1 | Scarp | Yangel's R-36 ICBM was the largest ever built. | |
67 | 8K67P | R-36 | Yangel | SS-9 Mod 4 | Scarp | Multi-warhead version of R-36. | |
68 | 11K68 | Tsyklon 3 | Yangel | SL-14 | Scarp | Tsiklon-3 | Space-launch version of the R-36. |
68 | 8K68 | R-56 | Yangel | Yangel ‘super rocket’ design. | |||
69 | 11K69 | Tsyklon 2 | Yangel | SL-11 | Scarp | Tsiklon-2 | A government decree of 24 August 1965 ordered development by Yangel of a version of his R-36 rocket to orbit Chelomei's IS (Istrebitel Sputnik) ASAT and US (Upravlenniye Sputnik) naval intelligence satellites. The Tyklon 2 definitive operational version r |
69 | 8K69 | R-36-O | Yangel | SS-9 Mod.3 | Scarp | FOBS; Fractional Orbital Bombing System | The R-36-O was the only orbiting military nuclear weapon ever deployed, although in order to remain legal under international treaties it was a 'fractional orbital' weapon. Although American infrared early warning satellites invalidated the 'surprise atta |
71 | 8K71 | R-7 | Korolev | SS-6 Mod 1 | Sapwood | Original design and flight test model of world's first ICBM. | |
71 | 8K711 | 8K711 | Korolev | Korolev project. | |||
71 | 8K712 | Korolev | Unknown allocation. | ||||
71 | 8K713 | GR-1 | Korolev | Scrag | ICBM version of GR-1. Article number sometimes erroneously given as 8K73. | ||
71 | 8K71PS | R-7 | Korolev | SL-1 | Semyorka | Relatively unmodified R-7 ICBM test vehicles used to launch first two Sputniks. | |
72 | 8K72 | Luna 8K72 | Korolev | SL-3 | Luna | R-7 ICBM with single-engine upper stage used for early Soviet unmanned lunar shots. | |
72 | 8K72K | Vostok 8K72K | Korolev | SL-3 | Sapwood | Vostok | R-7 ICBM with single-engine third stage, uprated from Luna launch vehicle and with forward fairing to accomodate Vostok/Zenit sized spacecraft. |
73 | 8K73 | 8K73 | Korolev | Korolev project. Possibly designation for variant of GR-1. | |||
74 | 8K74 | R-7A | Korolev | SS-6 Mod 2 | Sapwood | Semyorka | The R-7A was an improved version of the R-7 first ICBM, and the one actually deployed to pads in Baikonur and Plesetsk. |
75 | 8K75 | R-9 | Korolev | SS-8 Mod. 2 | Sasin | ICBM developed by Korolev OKB using liquid oxygen/kerosene propellants. The Soviet military favoured storable propellants as advocated by Glushko and implemented by Yangel and Chelomei. | |
76 | 8K76 | R-9 | Korolev | Improved version of the R-9 with Kuznetsov engines in first and second stages. Development undertaken, but cancelled in favour of basic version. | |||
77 | 8K77 | R-9 | Korolev | Version of R-9 with vacuum-isolated liquid oxygen tanks to provide capability to hold ready for instant launch. Studied but never developed. | |||
78 | 8K74 | Molniya 8K78 | Korolev | SL-6 | Molniya | Four stage rocket based on the R-7. The draft project was completed on 10 May 1960. | |
78 | 8K78L | Molniya 8K78L | Korolev | The Molniya 8K78L was designed by Korolev's design bureau for launching a manned spacecraft on a flyby of the Moon and return to earth. To achieve this it would have used Lox/LH2 engines in the third and fourth stages. | |||
78 | 8K78M | Molniya 8K78M | Korolev | SL-6 | Molniya-M | Improved Molniya, in variants with Blocks ML, 2BL, or SO-L third stages according to payload. | |
79 | 8K79 | 8K79 | Korolev | Korolev 1961 design for a single stage military rocket. A competing missile was selected for the requirement. | |||
81 | 8K81 | UR-200 | Chelomei | SS-10 | Universal rocket designed by Chelomei to cover the ICBM, FOBS, satellite launch vehicle, and spaceplane booster roles. Flight tested in 1963-1964 but cancelled in favour of Yangel's R-36. | ||
82 | 8K82 | Proton 8K82 | Chelomei | SL-9 | Proton 2 | Two-stage giant ICBM. Test flown but never deployed. | |
82 | 8K82K | Proton 8K82K | Chelomei | SL-13 | Proton 3 | Three-stage space-launch version of the UR-500, authorised in the decree of 3 August 1964. | |
83 | 8K83 | UR-200 | Chelomei | Global rocket version of UR-200. Would place nuclear warhead into orbit, which would approach United States from any direction at low altitude and be deorbited with little warning time on on enemy targets. | |||
84 | 8K84 | UR-100 | Chelomei | SS-11 Mod.1 | Sego | RS-10 | Lightweight ICBM that was the Soviet answer to the US Minuteman and was deployed in larger numbers than any other in history. |
84 | 8K84M | UR-100 | Chelomei | SS-11 Mod.2 | Sego | RS-10 | Improved version of UR-100. |
85-89 | 8K85-8K89 | Chelomei | Allocated but not used. | ||||
91 | 8A91 | R-7 | Korolev | SL-2 | Modified R-7 ICBM used to launch Sputnik 3. | ||
92 | 8A92 | Vostok 8A92 | Korolev | SL-3 | Modernized version of the Vostok booster used for launch of Zenit-2 reconnaisance satellites. | ||
92 | 8A92M | Vostok 8A92M | Korolev | SL-3 | Sapwood | Vostok | Version of Vostok developed to launch higher-altitude Meteor and other satellite payloads into sun-synchronous orbits. |
93 | 8K93 | Korolev | Unknown allocation. | ||||
94 | 8K94 | 8K94 | Yuzhnoye | Unusual designation for the upper stages of another Yangel project - possibly reflecting design originally was stand-alone IRBM? | |||
95 | 8K95 | RT-1 | Korolev | The RT-1 (RT = rocket, solid in Russian) was the first large Soviet solid propellant ballistic missile. It was developed and tested in 1959-1963, but no production was undertaken due to its poor performance. | |||
96 | 8K96 | RT-15 | Arsenal | SS-14 | Scapegoat (Scamp) | Scamp | The RT-15 IRBM used the second and third stages if the RT-2 ICBM. After protracted development in 1961-1970 with a range of alternative self-propelled mobile launchers, limited numbers ('few' to 19) of two types of launchers were deployed in 1970. |
97 | 8K97 | RT-25 | Tsirulnikov | The RT-25 IRBM used the first and third stages of the RT-2 ICBM. | |||
98 | 8K98 | RT-2 | Korolev | SS-13 Mod.1 | Savage | RS-12 | The Soviet Union's first solid propellant ICBM, was developed by Sergei Korolev and his successor from 1961-1968. |
98 | 8K98M | RT-2 | Korolev | Improved version of RT-2 studied but not developed. | |||
98 | 8K98P | RT-2 | Korolev | SS-13 Mod.2 | Savage | RS-12UTTKh | Improved RT-2. |
99 | 8K99 | RT-20P | Yuzhnoye | SS-15 | Scrooge | Yangel mixed propulsion (solid/liquid) mobile ICBM. | |
Sequence | Article | Rocket | Designer | DoD | NATO | SALT | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | 15A11 | Perimetr | Yuzhnoye | Perimetr was a rocket developed for launch of a highly secret communications payload. This would be be put in orbit or on a long high-altitude trajectory to provide back-up command and control of the strategic forces in the event of nuclear war. | |||
12 | 15A12 | Yuzhnoye | Unknown allocation. | ||||
13 | 15A13 | Yuzhnoye | Unknown allocation. | ||||
14 | 15A14 | R-36M | Yuzhnoye | SS-18 Mod. 1-Mod. 2 | Satan | RS-20A | The R-36M replaced the R-36 in 288 existing silos and was additionally installed in 20 new super-hardened silos. |
15 | 15A15 | MR-UR-100 | Yuzhnoye | SS-17 Mod 1 and Mod 2 | Spanker | RS-16 | |
16 | 15A16 | MR-UR-100 | Yuzhnoye | SS-17 Mod.3 | Spanker | RS-16B | |
17 | 15A17 | Yuzhnoye | Unknown allocation. | ||||
18 | 15A18 | R-36M | Yuzhnoye | SS-18 Mod.4 | Satan | RS-20B | |
18 | 15A18M2 | R-36M2 | Yuzhnoye | SS-18 Mod.5 and 6 | Satan | RS-20V | The R-36M2 was the Soviet Union's answer to the American 'Star Wars' anti-ballistic missile system. It was unusually named 'Voevoda' (an old Russian word for the leader of an army) in recognition of its planned role. In the end, it was only deployed in ve |
18 | 15A18M2 | R-36M2 | Yuzhnoye | RS-20K | Launch vehicle based on decommissioned R-36M2 ICBMs. | ||
19 | 15A19 | Yuzhnoye | Unknown allocation. | ||||
20 | 15A20 | UR-100 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-11 Mod.3 | Sego | RS-10M | |
20 | 15A20U | UR-100 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-11 Mod.4 | Sego | RS-10MUTTKh | |
21 | 15A21-15A29 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Allocated but not used? | ||||
30 | 15A30 | Rokot | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-19 Mod.1 | RS-18 | Launch vehicle based decommissioned UR-100N ICBMs. 106 tonne liftoff mass with Briz-KM upper stage. | |
30 | 15A30 | UR-100N | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-19 Mod.1 | RS-18 | Launch vehicle by NPO MASH based on UR-100N's decommissioned from Ukrainian missile fields. 106 tonne liftoff mass. | |
30 | 15A30 | UR-100N | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-19 Mod 1 and Mod 2 | Stilleto | RS-18A | The UR-100N was designed as a replacement for the UR-100 at the end of its ten year storage life. Although it could be installed in the same silos, it was 50% heavier. The competing design of Yangel, the MR-UR-100, was also put into production when the |
31 | 15A31 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Unknown allocation. | ||||
32 | 15A32 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Unknown allocation. | ||||
33 | 15A33 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Unknown allocation. | ||||
34 | 15A34 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Unknown allocation. | ||||
35 | 15A35 | UR-100N | NPO Mashinostroyenia | SS-19 Mod 3 | Stilleto | RS-18B | |
36-39 | 15A36-15A39 | NPO Mashinostroyenia | Allocated but not used? | ||||
41 | 15Zh41 | RT-21 | MITT | Project work began in 1963 on this three-stage solid propellant ICBM. Five train-launched variants were studied, as well as a silo-launched version. Studies were completed in 1966 but it was decided not to proceed with the concept. | |||
42 | 15Zh42 | Temp-2S | MITT | SS-16 | Sinner | RS-14 | World's first operational mobile ICBM. Deployed in greaty secrecy in 1976-1987 contrary to the terms of the SALT-2 Treaty. |
43 | 15Zh43 | MITT | |||||
44 | 15Zh44 | RT-23 | Yuzhnoye | SS-24 | Scalpel | ||
45 | 15Zh45 | Pioner | MITT | SS-20 Mod 1 and Mod 2 | Saber | RSD-10 | The missile was given a different DOD mod designation according to the number of warheads - Mod 1 for the single warhead version, Mod 2 for the triple warhead version. |
45 | 15Zh45UTTKh | Pioner | MITT | SS-20 Mod 1 and Mod 2 | Saber | RSD-10 | The UTTKh model featured improved accuracy, range, and MIRV dispersal spread. It was not given a separate DoD 'mod' number. |
46-49 | 15Zh46-15Zh49 | MITT | Allocated but not used? | ||||
50 | 15Zh50 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
51 | 15Zh51 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
52 | 15Zh52 | RT-23 | Yuzhnoye | SS-24 Mod 2 | Scalpel | RS-22 | |
53 | 15Zh53 | Pioner | MITT | SS-20 Mod 3 | Saber | ||
54 | 15Zh54 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
55 | 15Zh55 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
56 | 15Zh56 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
57 | 15Zh57 | MITT | Unknown allocation. | ||||
58 | 15Zh58 | Topol | MITT | SS-25 Mod 1 and 2 | Sickle | RS-12M | Containerised all-solid propellant Nadiradze ICBM designed for launch from mobile and silo launchers. Replaced UR-100/UR-100NU in silos. |
58 | 15Zh58 | Start-1 | MITT | SL-18 | Topol | Launch vehicle based on decommissioned ICBM's. Launched from mobile transporter. Liftoff mass 47 tonnes. | |
58 | 15Zh58 | Start | MITT | SL-18 | Topol | Launch vehicle based on decommissioned SS-25 ICBM's (differs from ICBM/basic Start-1 in having second stage used twice, in tandem, for increased payload). Launched from mobile transporter. Liftoff mass 60 tonnes. | |
59 | Unknown allocation. | ||||||
60 | 15Zh60 | RT-23 | Yuzhnoye | SS-24 Mod 1 | Scalpel | RS-22A | |
61 | 15Zh61 | RT-23 | Yuzhnoye | SS-24 Mod 2 | Scalpel | RS-22B | |
Sequence | Article Number | Spacecraft | Manufacturer | Class | Type | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 14F10 | IS-MU | Chelomei | Military | ASAT | aaaa |
11 | 17F11 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
11 | 17F110 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
11 | 17F111 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
11 | 17F112 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
11 | 17F113 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
11 | 17F114 | Taifun-3 | Reshetnev | Military | Target | |
11 | 17F115 | Koltso | Reshetnev | Military | Target | |
11 | 17F116 | Zenit-8 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Cartography | |
11 | 17F118 | Nadezhda | Yuzhnoye | Navigation | ||
12 | 17F12 | Orlets-1 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
12 | 17F120 | US-PU | Yuzhnoye | SIGINT | Naval reconnaisance | |
12 | 17F120 | Pirs-2 | Arsenal | SIGINT | Naval reconnaisance | |
13 | 17F13 | Strela-3 | Reshetnev | Communications | Military Store-dump | |
14 | 17F14 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
15 | 17F15 | Raduga-1 | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
16 | 17F16 | US-A | Arsenal | Surveillance | Naval Radarsat | |
17 | 17F17 | US-P | Arsenal | SIGINT | Naval reconnaisance | |
18 | 17F18 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
19 | 17F19DM | Polyus | Chelomei | Military | ASAT | |
20-30 | Not used? | |||||
31 | 17F31 | Taifun-2 | Yuzhnoye | Military | Target | |
32 | 17F32 | NPG | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
33 | 14F33 | LO | Korolev | Manned | Space Station | |
34 | Unknown allocation. | |||||
35 | 11F35 | Buran | Korolev | Manned | Spaceplane | |
36 | 11F36 | Energia-Buran | Korolev | Manned | Spaceplane | |
37 | 11F37 | Kvant | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
38 | Unknown allocation. | |||||
39 | Unknown allocation. | |||||
40 | 14F40 | Resurs F1-14F40 | Kozlov | Earth | Landsat | |
41 | 17F41 | Resurs F1-17F41 | Kozlov | Earth | Landsat | |
42 | 17F42 | Resurs F2 | Kozlov | Earth | Landsat | |
43 | 14F43 | Resurs F1-14F43 | Kozlov | Earth | Landsat | |
43 | 17F43 | Okean-O | Yuzhnoye | Earth | Radarsat | |
44 | Unknown allocation. | |||||
45 | 17F45 | Meteor-3 | VNIIEM | Earth | Weather | |
45M | 17F45M | Meteor-3M | VNIIEM | Earth | Weather | |
46-60 | Not used? | |||||
61 | 11F61 | Zenit-2 | Korolev | Surveillance | Military | |
61 | 11F610 | Strela-2M | Reshetnev | Communications | Military Store-dump | |
61 | 11F610 | Strela-2 | Reshetnev | Communications | Military Store-dump | |
61 | 11F611 | 11F611 | ||||
61 | 11F612 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
61 | 11F613 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
61 | 11F614 | Meteor M | VNIIEM | Earth | Weather | |
61 | 11F615 | Soyuz Kontakt | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
61 | 11F615 | Soyuz 7K-OK | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
61 | 11F615A12 | Soyuz 7K-TM | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
61 | 11F615A15 | Progress | Korolev | Manned | Logistics | |
61 | 11F615A55 | Progress M | Korolev | Manned | Logistics | |
61 | 11F615A77 | Progress M2 | Korolev | Manned | Logistics | |
61 | 11F615A8 | Soyuz 7K-T | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
61 | 11F615A9 | Soyuz 7K-T/A9 | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
61 | 11F616 | Tselina-O | Yuzhnoye | SIGINT | ||
61 | 11F617 | Tsiklon | Reshetnev | Navigation | ||
61 | 11F617 | Tselina-OM | Yuzhnoye | SIGINT | ||
61 | 11F618 | DS-P1-Yu | Yuzhnoye | Military | Target | |
61 | 11F619 | Tselina-D | Yuzhnoye | SIGINT | ||
61 | 11F620 | 11F620 | ||||
62 | 11F620 | DS-P1-I | Yuzhnoye | Military | Target | |
62 | 11F621 | Sfera | Reshetnev | Earth | Geodetic | |
62 | 11F622 | Yantar-2 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
62 | 11F622 | Yantar-1 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
62 | 11F623 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
62 | 11F624 | Yantar-2K | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
62 | 11F625 | Svetoch | Communications | Military | ||
62 | 11F626 | Forpost | Communications | Military | ||
62 | 11F627 | Parus | Reshetnev | Navigation | ||
62 | 11F628 | Molniya-2 | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
62 | 11F629 | Zenit-4MT | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
63 | 11F630 | Yantar-1KF | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
63 | 11F631 | Tyulpan | Kozlov | Military | ASAT Target | |
63 | 11F632 | Meteor-2 | VNIIEM | Earth | Weather | |
63 | 11F633 | Taifun-1 | Yuzhnoye | Military | Target | |
63 | 11F634 | Romb | Reshetnev | Military | Target | |
63 | 11F635 | Zenit-4MKT | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
63 | 11F636 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
63 | 11F637 | Molniya-3 | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
63 | 11F638 | Raduga | Reshetnev | Communications | Military | |
63 | 11F639 | Ekspress | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
64 | 11F640 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
64 | 11F641 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
64 | 11F642 | Yantar-2K-M | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
64 | 11F643 | Tsikada | Reshetnev | Navigation | ||
64 | 11F644 | Tselina-2 | Yuzhnoye | SIGINT | ||
64 | 11F645 | Zenit-6U | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
64 | 11F646 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
64 | 11F647 | Ekran | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
64 | 11F647M | Ekran-M | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
64 | 11F649 | Yantar-3KF | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
65 | 11F650 | Yantar-6K | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
65 | 11F651 | Resurs-OE | Kozlov | Earth | Landsat | |
65 | 11F652 | Elektro | VNIIEM | Earth | Weather | |
65 | 11F653 | Astrofizika | Kozlov | Astronomy | Gamma Ray | |
65 | 11F654 | Glonass | Reshetnev | Navigation | ||
65 | 11F655 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
65 | 11F656 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
65 | 11F657 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
65 | 11F658 | Molniya-1T | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
65 | 11F659 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
66 | 11F660 | Yantar-1KFT | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
66 | 11F661 | Yantar-6KS | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
66 | 11F662 | Gorizont | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
66 | 11F663 | Potok | Reshetnev | Communications | Military | |
66 | 11F664 | Arkon-1 | Lavochkin | Surveillance | Military | |
66 | 11F665 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
66 | 11F666 | Geo-IK | Reshetnev | Earth | Geodetic | |
66 | 11F667 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
66 | 11F668 | Almaz-T | Reshetnev | Surveillance | Radarsat | |
66 | 11F669 | Luch | Reshetnev | Communications | Military | |
67 | 11F67 | Molniya-1 | Reshetnev | Communications | ||
68 | 11F68 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
69 | 11F69 | Zenit-4 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F690 | Zenit-2M | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F691 | Zenit-4M | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F692M | Zenit-4MK | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F692M | Zenit-4MKM | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F693 | Yantar-4K1 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F694 | Yantar-4KS1 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F695 | Yantar-4K2 | Kozlov | Surveillance | Military | |
69 | 11F696 | Unknown allocation. | ||||
69 | 11F697 | Resurs-O1 | VNIIEM | Earth | Landsat | |
70 | 14F70 | Zarya | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | |
71 | 11F71 | Almaz | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | Allocated to other cancelled projects with same mission: Soyuz-P, Soyuz-R |
71 | 17F71 | Gals | Reshetnev | Communications | Perhaps in error. | |
715 | 11F715 | Salyut 1-7 | Korolev | Manned | Space Station | |
72 | 11F72 | TKS | Chelomei | Manned | Spacecraft | |
73 | 11F73 | Soyuz VI | Kozlov | Manned | Spacecraft | Also allocated to successor project, Chelomei Almaz OPS+TKS considered as a single complex. |
732 | 11F732 | Soyuz TM | Korolev | Manned | Spacecraft | Covers all modernised Soyuz projects: Soyuz 7K-S, Soyuz T, Soyuz TM, Soyuz TMA. |
74 | 11F74 | TKS VA | Chelomei | Manned | Spacecraft | |
75 | 11F75 | 11F75 | Chelomei | |||
76 | 11F76 | KSI | Chelomei | Manned | Logistics | Return capsule for Almaz. |
77 | 11F77 | Mir Modules-FGB | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
77D | 11F77D | Kvant-2 | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
77I | 11F77I | Priroda | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
77O | 11F77O | Spektr | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
77T | 11F77T | Kristall | Chelomei | Manned | Space Station | |
77-90 | Not used? | |||||
91 | 11F91 | Soyuz 7K-L1 | Korolev | Manned | Lunar Orbiter | |
92 | 11F92 | Soyuz 7K-L1A | Korolev | Manned | Lunar Orbiter | |
93 | 11F93 | Soyuz 7K-LOK | Korolev | Manned | Lunar Orbiter | |
94 | 11F94 | LK | Korolev | Manned | Lunar Lander | |
95-99 | Not used? | |||||