Hawk Credit - via Andreas Parsch

Surface-to-air missile. IOC: 1959. Country: USA. Status: Active. Department of Defence Designation: MIM-23.

Historical Essay © Andreas Parsch

Raytheon SAM-A-18/M3/MIM-23 Hawk

The Hawk was the first mobile medium-range guided anti-aircraft missile deployed by the U.S. Army, and was the oldest SAM system still in use by U.S. armed forces in the late 1990s.

Development studies for a semi-active radar homing medium-range surface-to-air missile system were begun by the U.S. Army in 1952 under the designation SAM-A-18 Hawk (Homing All the Way Killer). In July 1954, development contracts were awarded to Raytheon for the missile, and to Northrop for launcher, radars, and fire-control system. The first launch of an XSAM-A-18 test missile occurred in June 1956, and the initial development phase was completed in July 1957. By that time, the Hawk had been redesignated as Guided Missile, Aerial Intercept, XM3 (and XM3E1). Initial Operational Capability of the M3 Hawk was achieved with the U.S. Army in August 1959, and in 1960 the M3 was also fielded by U.S. Marine Corps units. The Hawk system was used by many NATO and other countries, and the missile was license-built in Western Europe and Japan. There were two training versions of the original Hawk missile, designated XM16 and XM18.

The M3 Hawk surface-to-air missile is powered by an Aerojet General M22E8 dual-thrust (boost/sustain) solid-propellant rocket motor, and is controlled in flight by its large triangular fins with trailing-edge control surfaces. It is armed with a 54 kg (119 lb) high-explosive blast-fragmentation warhead, which is equipped with both impact and radar proximity fuzes. The missile is guided by an X-band CW (Continuous Wave) monopulse semi-active radar seeker, and has an effective engagement range of 2-25 km (1.25-15 miles). A Hawk unit uses several different ground radars and control systems. The radar systems include the AN/MPQ-35 C-band PAR (Pulse Acquisition Radar) for high/medium-altitude threat detection, the AN/MPQ-34 CWAR (Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar) for low-level threat detection, the AN/MPQ-33 (or -39) HPI (High-Power Illuminator) which tracks designated targets and provides target illumination for the missile's seeker, and the AN/MPQ-37 ROR (Range Only Radar) which is a K-band pulse radar to provide ranging data when the other radars are jammed by countermeasures (the ROR reduces jamming vulnerability by transmitting only when designated).

The Hawk missiles are transported on and launched from M192 triple-missile towed launchers. In 1967, the U.S. Army tested a self-propelled Hawk ("SP-HAWK") system, which mounted the launchers on tracked M727 (modified M548 transports) vehicles. The first Hawk units were equipped with SP-HAWK in 1969, but the system is no longer in service.

In June 1963, all Hawk missiles were redesignated in the MIM-23 series as follows:

The XMTM-23B/C designations were short-lived, however, and the B/C suffix letters were later reused for improved Hawk missiles.

To counter advanced low-altitude threats, the Army began a Hawk Improvement Program (HAWK/HIP) in 1964. This involved numerous upgrades to the Hawk system, including the addition of a digital data processing central information coordinator for target processing, threat ordering, and intercept evaluation. The AN/MPQ-35 PAR, AN/MPQ-34 CWAR, AN/MPQ-33/39 HPI, and AN/MPQ-37 ROR were replaced by upgraded variants designated AN/MPQ-50, AN/MPQ-48, AN/MPQ-46, and AN/MPQ-51, respectively. The Hawk missile itself was upgraded to MIM-23B I-HAWK (Improved Hawk) configuration. The MIM-23B had a larger 74 kg (163 lb) blast-fragmentation warhead, a smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The I-HAWK system was declared operational in 1971, and by 1978 all U.S. Hawk units had converted to the new standard. The effective range envelope of the MIM-23B is extended to 1.5-40 km (5000 ft - 25 miles) at high altitude (2.5-20 km (8200 ft - 12.4 miles) at low altitude), and minimum engagement altitude is 60 m (200 ft). There is also a training version of the I-HAWK designated MTM-23B. The XMEM-23B is a variant with a full telemetry equipment for test and evaluation purposes.

Beginning in 1977, the U.S. Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the ground equipment. PIP Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded in 1979. PIP Phase II, developed from 1978 and fielded between 1983 and 1986, upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/MPQ-57 standard by replacing some tube electronics with modern solid-state circuits, and added a TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system to increase Hawk operability and survivability in a high-ECM environment. The PIP Phase III development was started in 1983, and was first fielded by U.S. forces in 1989. Phase III is a major upgrade which significantly enhanced computer hard- and software for most components (new CWAR is designated AN/MPQ-62), added single-scan target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to counter saturation attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The ROR is no longer used by Phase III Hawk units.

The following table summarizes the designations of the main radars of the Hawk air-defense system:

The MIM-23B Hawk missile was improved in parallel with the PIP upgrades. The MIM-23C, introduced around 1982, has improved ECCM capabilities. The MIM-23D is similar to the MIM-23C, but I don't have any further details. The official source [5] describes it plainly as an "upgraded MIM-23C", but this is simply a standard phrase used for subsequent versions and could mean anything, including a non-tactical model used for live training. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23C/D is designated MEM-23C.

The MIM-23E and MIM-23F, introduced in 1990, are developments of the MIM-23C and MIM-23D, respectively, with an improved guidance section for low-level engagements in high-clutter/multi-jamming environments. The MEM-23D is the telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23E/F.

The MIM-23G and MIM-23H are variants of the MIM-23E and MIM-23F, respectively, with a new body section assembly. The corresponding test and evaluation missile is the MEM-23E.

In 1991, the USMC successfully demonstrated the use of a modified Lockheed-Martin AN/TPS-59 tactical long-range radar system to search and track Theater Ballistic Missiles (TBM) in conjunction with a Hawk fire-control unit. The AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar can track targets at up to 475 km (295 miles) range and 150 km (90 miles) altitude. Although no actual firing took place, these tests prompted the USMC to upgrade its Hawk units with an anti-TBM capability. The MIM-23G/H Hawk missiles were upgraded to Enhanced Lethality Missile configuration, designated MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively (note "reversed" suffix letters). The MIM-23J/K has a new high-grain fragmentation warhead and new fuzing circuitry to make it effective against ballistic missiles, and in 1994, several intercepts of MGM-52 Lance short-range ballistic missiles were successful. The MIM-23L and MIM-23M missiles have the new fuzing circuits of the MIM-23K and MIM-23J, respectively, but don't have the latter's new warhead. The telemetry-equipped test and evaluation model of the MIM-23J/K/L/M missiles is designated MEM-23F.

The following table summarizes the designations of the developments of the MIM-23B I-HAWK missile, and the corresponding test and evaluation versions. Because the MEM versions use sequential suffix letters, and each MEM variant corresponds to several MIM missiles, the letters for MIM and MEM versions are "out-of-sync".

The U.S. Army also used the MIM-23K missile for a brief period, but not in the anti-TBM role. The last active Army Hawk unit was deactivated in 1994, and the last Army National Guard units disposed of the Hawk system in the 1996/97 time frame. The Hawk has been replaced in U.S. Army service by the MIM-104 Patriot and FIM-92 Stinger (and Stinger-based systems like Avenger) missiles for medium- and short-range air-defense, respectively.

The MIM-23K missile and AN/TPS-59(V)3 radar was operational with USMC units from 1995 onwards. Beginning in 1998/99 the USMC started to phase out the Hawk to replace it with the FIM-92 Stinger (leaving some gap in the medium-range air-defense capabilities of the USMC). The phaseout is apparently complete at the time of this writing.

Including foreign production, more than 40000 MIM-23 Hawk missiles of all versions were built.

Note: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate!

Data for MIM-23A/B:

[1] Bill Gunston: "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rockets and Missiles", Salamander Books Ltd, 1979
[2] R.T. Pretty, D.H.R. Archer (eds.): "Jane's Weapon Systems 1972-73", Jane's, 1973
[3] Bernard Blake (ed.): "Jane's Weapon Systems 1987-88", Jane's, 1988
[4] Hajime Ozu: "Missile 2000 - Reference Guide to World Missile Systems", Shinkigensha, 2000
[5] "DOD 4120.15-L: Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles", Department of Defense, 1998
[6] Redstone Arsenal Historical Information Website
[7] HAWK Site Denmark

Manufacturer: Raytheon. Launches: 304. Failures: 7. Success Rate: 97.70%. First Launch Date: 1974-05-29. Last Launch Date: 2007-12-03. Launch data is: continuing. Version:

MIM-23A. IOC: 1959. Department of Defence Designation: MIM-23A. Popular Name: Hawk. Alternate Designation: SAM-A-18 / M3.

Total Mass: 587 kg (1,294 lb). Core Diameter: 0.37 m (1.21 ft). Total Length: 5.03 m (16.50 ft). Span: 1.19 m (3.90 ft). Standard warhead mass: 74 kg (163 lb). Maximum range: 35 km (21 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Command Link. Ceiling: 11,600 m (38,000 ft). Floor: 30 m (98 ft). Surveillance Radar: MPQ-34. Tracking Radar: MPQ-33. Development Cost $: 146.000 million. in: 1965 average dollars. Recurring Price $: 0.064 million. Total Number Built: 13067. Total Development Built: 291. Total Production Built: 12776. Flyaway Unit Cost $: 0.041 million. in: 1965 unit dollars. Version:

MIM-23B. IOC: 1972. Department of Defence Designation: MIM-23B. Popular Name: I-Hawk.

Total Mass: 623 kg (1,373 lb). Core Diameter: 0.37 m (1.21 ft). Total Length: 5.03 m (16.50 ft). Span: 1.22 m (4.00 ft). Standard warhead mass: 81 kg (178 lb). Maximum range: 46 km (28 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Semi-Active Radar Homing. Maximum speed: 2,820 kph (1,750 mph). Ceiling: 18,300 m (60,000 ft). Floor: 30 m (98 ft). Surveillance Radar: MPQ-34. Tracking Radar: MPQ-33. Development Cost $: 316.400 million. in: 1982 average dollars. Recurring Price $: 0.080 million. Flyaway Unit Cost $: 0.198 million. in: 1982 unit dollars. Version:

Orion Sounding Rocket.

Orion

Sounding rocket.

The Orion was a single stage, unguided, fin stabilized rocket system which used a surplus US Army Hawk surface-to-air-missile rocket motor having a dual thrust propellant grain. Three fins on the aft end of the motor were canted to roll the vehicle at four revolutions per second at burnout for stability. Improved performance could be obtained by using a Nike booster stage. Payload 38 kg to 88 km or 68 kg to 71 km.

The standard payload for the Orion had a principal diameter of 36 cm and utilized many nose cone shapes. The normal payload length varied from 1.8 to 2.5 meters although this was not the maximum envelope. Payload diameters as small as 11 cm were flown on the Orion. Performance characteristics were most favorable for 38 to 68 kg payloads. Standard hardware included a separable clamshell nose cone and an Orion standard ignition system. Separation systems could be provided to separate the payload from the motor during ascent.

Manufacturer: WFF. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 7.000 kN (1,574 lbf). Total Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Core Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Total Length: 5.60 m (18.30 ft).

• Stage1: 1 x Taurus Orion-2. Gross Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Empty Mass: 111 kg (244 lb). Motor: 1 x Orion. Thrust (vac): 13.000 kN (2,922 lbf). Burn time: 32 sec. Length: 2.70 m (8.80 ft). Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Propellants: Solid.

• Stage1: 1 x HJ Nike Nike-3. Gross Mass: 599 kg (1,320 lb). Empty Mass: 256 kg (564 lb). Motor: 1 x M5E1. Thrust (vac): 195.600 kN (43,973 lbf). Burn time: 3.40 sec. Length: 3.60 m (11.80 ft). Diameter: 0.42 m (1.37 ft). Propellants: Solid.

• Stage2: 1 x Taurus Orion-2. Gross Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Empty Mass: 111 kg (244 lb). Motor: 1 x Orion. Thrust (vac): 13.000 kN (2,922 lbf). Burn time: 32 sec. Length: 2.70 m (8.80 ft). Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Propellants: Solid.

• Stage1: 1 x Improved Orion-1. Gross Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Motor: 1 x Orion. Thrust (vac): 13.000 kN (2,922 lbf). Burn time: 32 sec. Length: 1.80 m (5.90 ft). Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Propellants: Solid.

• Stage1: 1 x HJ Nike Nike-3. Gross Mass: 599 kg (1,320 lb). Empty Mass: 256 kg (564 lb). Motor: 1 x M5E1. Thrust (vac): 195.600 kN (43,973 lbf). Burn time: 3.40 sec. Length: 3.60 m (11.80 ft). Diameter: 0.42 m (1.37 ft). Propellants: Solid.

• Stage2: 1 x Improved Orion-1. Gross Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Motor: 1 x Orion. Thrust (vac): 13.000 kN (2,922 lbf). Burn time: 32 sec. Length: 1.80 m (5.90 ft). Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Propellants: Solid.

1960 July 5 - House recommends a high priority manned expedition to the moon The House Committee on Science and Astronautics declared: "A high priority program should be undertaken to place a manned expedition on the moon in this decade. A firm plan with this goal in view should be drawn up and submitted to the Congress by NASA. Such a plan, however, should be completely integrated with other goals, to minimize total costs. The modular concept deserves close study. Particular attention should be paid immediately to long lead-time phases of such a program." The Committee also recommended that development of the F-1 engine be expedited in expectation of the Nova launch vehicle, that there be more research on nuclear engines and less conventional engines before freezing the Nova concept, and that the Orion project be turned over to NASA. It was the view of the Committee that "NASA's 10-year program is a good program, as far as it goes, but it does not go far enough. Furthermore the space program is not being pushed with sufficient energy."

1974 May 29 - 19:48 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.01WT Hawk Motor test Agency: NASA. Apogee: 46 km (28 mi).

1974 November 8 - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.02WT Test mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 73 km (45 mi).

1977 February 26 - 20:02 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.01UA Auroral NO Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 142 km (88 mi).

1977 March 9 - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.02UA Auroral NO Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 138 km (85 mi).

1977 July 12 - 05:45 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.05UA Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 113 km (70 mi).

1977 July 14 - 12:30 GMT - White Sands -. Orion NASA 12.27GT Parachute test Agency: NASA. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi).

1977 December 14 - 05:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.03UA Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1978 February 2 - 11:10 GMT - Andoya -. Orion DLR A-O-89 A-OR-90 Orion 1 Range test Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi).

1978 April 13 - 19:22 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.06UE SSC S27 TWILIGHT Test / aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 153 km (95 mi).

1978 July 30 - 23:13 GMT - Kiruna -. SSC S32 NLC-OBS Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 131 km (81 mi).

1978 September 13 - 19:36 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-91 K-OR-91 Range test Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi).

1979 February 26 - 16:28 GMT - Red Lake CHK. Nike Orion GL A12.9A1 Eclipse ASL-SE-79A1 Eclipse aeronomy mission Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 158 km (98 mi). Eclipse ASL-SE-79A1. Launched from Red Lake, Chukuni Range, Ontario, Canada - Latitude: 50.88 N, Longitude:93.47 W.

1979 February 26 - 16:28 GMT - Red Lake CHK. Nike Orion GL A12.9B1 Eclipse ASL-SE-79B1 Eclipse aeronomy mission Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 158 km (98 mi). Eclipse ASL-SE-79B1. Launched from Red Lake, Chukuni Range, Ontario, Canada - Latitude: 50.88 N, Longitude:93.47 W.

1979 February 26 - 16:51 GMT - Red Lake CHK. Nike Orion GL A12.9A2 Eclipse LWIR Eclipse / aeronomy mission Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 141 km (87 mi). Eclipse LWIR. Launched from Red Lake, Chukuni Range, Ontario, Canada - Latitude: 50.88 N, Longitude:93.47 W.

1979 August 14 - 18:10 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC T3 Test Dummy Orion test Agency: SSC. Apogee: 11 km (6 mi).

1979 August 21 - 01:14 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.16UE SSC S27 / 2 Twilight B Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA/SSC. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi).

1979 September 11 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.04IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 October 21 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.10IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 October 21 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.08IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 October 21 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.09IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 October 22 - 16:50 GMT - Natal -. Nike Orion DLR N-NO-98 Natal 6 test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 October 26 - 21:45 GMT - Natal -. Nike Orion DLR N-NO-99 Natal 6 test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 November 1 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.11IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 November 1 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.13IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 November 1 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.12IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1979 November 4 - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.09IU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1980 July 14 - 19:11 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.03UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 76 km (47 mi).

1980 August 14 - 02:40 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.21UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

1980 October 7 - 03:36 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.10GU TY2-7688 Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 87 km (54 mi).

1980 October 11 - 21:57 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.11GU TY2-7684 Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 83 km (51 mi).

1980 October 16 - 18:54 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.04UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi).

1980 October 18 - 02:50 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.12GU Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1980 November 11 - 00:12 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-101 EBC-C Ferdinand 57 / Trinom Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 146 km (90 mi).

1980 November 11 - 00:27 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-105 EBC-C E6C Ionosphere / aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 198 km (123 mi).

1980 November 16 - 03:31 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-102 EBC-B Ferdinand 55 / Trinom Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi).

1980 November 16 - 04:47 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-106 EBC-B E6A1 S10.12-1 Ionosphere / aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 165 km (102 mi).

1980 November 28 - 03:24 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-103 EBC-A Ferdinand 56 Trinom Ionosphere mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 146 km (90 mi).

1980 December 1 - 00:09 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-107 EBC-A2 E6A2 Ionosphere / aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 161 km (100 mi).

1980 December 1 - 01:23 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-108 EBC-A2 E6B Ionosphere / aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 172 km (106 mi).

1981 February 7 - 20:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S35 OXYGEN Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi).

1981 February 27 - 18:27 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.07GU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 77 km (47 mi).

1981 March 8 - 16:00 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.07UL CWAS 1 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 March 13 - 16:00 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.17UL CWAS 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 March 30 - 05:52 GMT - Poker Flat -. LADY LOU Ba Aeronomy / Fields mission Agency: DNA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 April 3 - 06:20 GMT - Poker Flat -. KLONDIKE KATE Barium release Aeronomy / Fields mission Agency: DNA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 July 23 - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.08UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1981 July 23 - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.14UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1981 August 9 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.22UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 August 24 - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.16UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1981 September 24 - 13:50 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.13UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 71 km (44 mi).

1981 October 14 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.14UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1981 November 14 - 09:15 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-111 DFVLR Strafam 1 / 1 Aeronomy mission Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi).

1982 January 20 - 00:30 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.18GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 94 km (58 mi).

1982 January 23 - 12:12 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.25GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1982 January 23 - 12:13 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.19GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 101 km (62 mi).

1982 January 24 - 12:45 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.24GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1982 February 19 - 16:00 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.23UL CWAS 3 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1982 June 23 - 16:00 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.30GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi).

1982 July 7 - 09:29 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.31GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 71 km (44 mi).

1982 July 15 - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.15UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1982 August 3 - White Sands -. Orion NASA 30.21GU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1982 August 3 - 23:02 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S37 CAMP-N Cold Arctic Mesopause Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 119 km (73 mi).

1982 August 3 - 23:19 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-115 Strafam 1 / 2 Technology / aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 114 km (70 mi).

1982 August 3 - 23:32 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S37 CAMP-P CAMP-P Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 119 km (73 mi).

1982 August 3 - 23:48 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S37 SOAP/1 CAMP / SOAP-1 Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 134 km (83 mi).

1982 August 4 - 00:16 GMT - Kiruna -. CAMP TAD Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 153 km (95 mi).

1982 August 9 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.34UU CWAS 4 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1982 August 12 - 00:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S37 SOAP/2 CAMP / SOAP-2 Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi).

1983 January 13 - 17:31 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.15UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1983 January 13 - 18:39 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.18UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1983 February 27 - 16:33 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.28UE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 March 8 - 16:35 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.26GE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 March 9 - 03:06 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.27GE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 March 9 - 03:27 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.32GE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 March 9 - 08:57 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.33GE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 March 12 - 17:09 GMT - Punta Lobos -. Nike Orion NASA 31.29UE Project Condor Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 April 27 - 05:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-117 DFVLR Strafam 1 / 3 Aeronomy mission Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 58 km (36 mi).

1983 August 30 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.35UU CWAS 5 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 September 7 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.40UU CWAS 6 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 November 17 - 10:41 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.36GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 November 19 - 10:41 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.37GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 November 19 - 10:46 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.39GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1983 December 7 - 18:23 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-121 Ferdinand 71 M-T 1 Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 78 km (48 mi).

1984 January 6 - 21:55 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-122 Ferdinand 66 M-T 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 127 km (78 mi).

1984 January 13 - 20:00 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-123 Ferdinand 68 M-T 3 Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 122 km (75 mi).

1984 January 25 - 16:39 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-124 Ferdinand 67 M-T 4 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 118 km (73 mi).

1984 January 31 - 18:31 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-125 Ferdinand 70 M-T 5 Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 115 km (71 mi).

1984 January 31 - 18:53 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion MADAME 1 Ferdinand 73 M-M 1 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 113 km (70 mi).

1984 January 31 - 19:12 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S39/1 SSC SOAP / WINE Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi).

1984 January 31 - 21:05 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-129 DROPMAS DFVLR Strafam 1 / 4 Aeronomy mission Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi).

1984 February 10 - 02:40 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-126 Ferdinand 69 M-T 6 Ionosphere mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1984 February 10 - 03:00 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC S39/2 SSC SOAP / WINE Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 148 km (91 mi).

1984 February 10 - 03:05 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion MADAME 2 Ferdinand 72 M-M 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF. Apogee: 115 km (71 mi).

1984 February 16 - 01:20 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-127 Ferdinand 64 M-T 7 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1984 February 18 - 00:22 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-128 Ferdinand 65 M-T 8 Aeronomy mission Agency: NTNF/DLR. Apogee: 113 km (70 mi).

1984 February 18 - 16:29 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.44UU CWAS 7 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 99 km (61 mi).

1984 February 23 - 12:10 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.38GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1984 February 27 - 16:00 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.43UU CWAS 8 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 73 km (45 mi).

1984 May 10 - 08:57 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.41GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1984 August 16 - 20:40 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.19UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1984 August 23 - 09:11 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.42GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1984 August 23 - 10:05 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.22UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1984 September 18 - 17:45 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.46GU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 January 28 - 22:10 GMT - Poker Flat -. Orion NASA 30.23UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 February 7 - 22:01 GMT - Poker Flat -. Orion NASA 30.24UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 February 15 - 15:15 GMT - Natal -. Orion DLR N-O-135 Fin test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 February 22 - 15:20 GMT - Natal -. Orion DLR N-O-136 Fin test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 March 15 - 17:37 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.50UU CWAS 9 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi).

1985 March 22 - 17:33 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.49UU CWAS 10 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 91 km (56 mi).

1985 March 29 - 17:03 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.48GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 April 1 - 16:57 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.47GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 April 2 - 07:21 GMT - Poker Flat -. Orion NASA 30.25UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 May 14 - 04:00 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-140 DFVLR Strafam 1 / 5 Aurora mission Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi).

1985 June 24 - 17:46 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.53UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 June 26 - 17:46 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.54UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 September 6 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.55UU CWAS 11 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 September 7 - 09:45 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.26UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 September 10 - 00:01 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.28UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 September 10 - 00:03 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.51GE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 September 12 - 14:50 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.56UU CWAS 12 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1985 September 17 - 19:15 GMT - White Sands -. Orion NASA 30.27UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1985 October 16 - 10:01 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.31UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1986 April 18 - 15:35 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.59UU CWAS 13 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1986 April 25 - 13:30 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.58UU FAILURE: Failure. CWAS 14 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1986 July 26 - 22:34 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.57GE MAED Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 101 km (62 mi).

1986 July 26 - 23:03 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.60UE MAED Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 99 km (61 mi).

1986 July 26 - 23:44 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.61UE MAED Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

1986 November 20 - 10:15 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.33UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1987 February 17 - 10:43 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-143 Strafam 2 / 1 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi).

1987 March 24 - 18:30 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.62UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 May 6 - 05:08 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-145 RASMUS Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi).

1987 July 26 - 23:22 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.34UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1987 August 14 - 16:29 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion GL A12.629 COLDR Aeronomy mission Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 86 km (53 mi).

1987 October 15 - 10:52 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-148 MAC / E-T1 Bugatti 10 Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE/DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 15 - 10:52 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.38UE MAC / Epsilon XRG Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1987 October 15 - 10:52 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion NASA 31.63UE MAC / Epsilon NEFS Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 21 - 21:33 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-149 MAC / E-T3 Total 9 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 21 - 21:33 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-150 MAC / E Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 21 - 21:33 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion NASA 31.66UE MAC / Epsilon EXERT Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 21 - 21:34 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.36UE MAC / Epsilon MAE F-75 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1987 October 21 - 21:34 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion NASA 31.64GE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1987 October 28 - 00:21 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion NASA 31.67GE MAC / Epsilon EXERT Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 119 km (73 mi).

1987 November 12 - 00:21 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-151 MAC / E-T4 Ferdinand74 Test / aeronomy / ionosphere mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi).

1987 November 12 - 00:21 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-152 MAC / E-T5 Total 11 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi).

1987 November 12 - 00:21 GMT - Andoya -. Orion NASA 30.37UE MAC / Epsilon MAE F-74 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 87 km (54 mi).

1987 November 12 - 00:22 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion NASA 31.65UE NEFS Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 124 km (77 mi).

1988 May 3 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.69UU CWAS 15 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1988 May 10 - 14:30 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.68UU CWAS 16 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1988 December 6 - 10:02 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-163 RASMUS 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi).

1989 January 30 - 08:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-166 Strafam 2 / 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi).

1989 March 18 - 16:00 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.73UU CWAS 17 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1989 March 22 - 16:01 GMT - Fort Churchill -. Nike Orion NASA 31.74UU CWAS 18 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1990 January 22 - 10:20 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT13 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 132 km (82 mi).

1990 January 25 - 08:50 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-172 Strafam 2 / 3 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi).

1990 February 20 - 04:54 GMT - Biscarosse -. Nike Orion DLR C-NO-175 DYANA DBN1 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 129 km (80 mi).

1990 February 20 - 09:41 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC ANODE DYANA Nitric oxide Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 138 km (85 mi).

1990 February 25 - 19:20 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT50 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi).

1990 February 25 - 23:21 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC ATOMIC 1 DYANA Atomic oxygen Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 133 km (82 mi).

1990 February 28 - 00:52 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC ATOMIC 2 DYANA Atomic oxygen Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 139 km (86 mi).

1990 March 6 - 02:41 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT62 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 133 km (82 mi).

1990 March 6 - 05:18 GMT - Biscarosse -. Nike Orion DLR C-NO-176 DYANA DBN2 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi).

1990 March 6 - 09:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion DLR K-O-174 RASMUS 3 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 79 km (49 mi).

1990 March 8 - 22:53 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT73 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 119 km (73 mi).

1990 March 9 - 00:25 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT76 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi).

1990 March 11 - 20:42 GMT - Andoya -. DYANA DAT84 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 131 km (81 mi).

1990 March 13 - 04:21 GMT - Biscarosse -. Nike Orion DLR C-NO-177 DYANA DBN3 TURBO Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi).

1990 March 22 - 10:03 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.70UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1990 May 13 - 21:37 GMT - Poker Flat -. Orion NASA 30.35UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1990 May 29 - 05:09 GMT - Kiruna -. SSC SPINRAC test Agency: SSC. Apogee: 107 km (66 mi).

1991 February 3 - 11:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-185 Strafam 3 / 2 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 58 km (36 mi).

1991 April 9 - 03:41 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-186 RASMUS 4 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi).

1991 April 25 - 18:00 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.79UU CWAS 19 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 April 30 - 19:19 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.80UU FAILURE: Failure. CWAS 20 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 10 km (6 mi).

1991 August 1 - 01:39 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.77UE NLC-91 N-B-P04 PEP B Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 93 km (57 mi).

1991 August 1 - 01:40 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-188 NLC-91 N-B-T05 TURBO B Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi).

1991 August 9 - 23:15 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-189 NLC-91 N-A-T13 TURBO A Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1991 August 9 - 23:15 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC DECIMALS NLC-91 N-A-D14 DECIMALS A Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1991 August 9 - 23:40 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion NASA 31.78UE NLC-91 N-A-P17 PEP A Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1991 August 10 - 01:37 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion SSC DECIMALS NLC-91 N-A-D20 DECIMALS B Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 118 km (73 mi).

1991 September 17 - 23:43 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-190 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 September 20 - 20:48 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-191 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 September 20 - 22:40 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-192 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 September 30 - 20:55 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-193 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 October 3 - 22:27 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-194 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1991 October 4 - 00:08 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-195 Turbo-Metal Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 March 12 - 22:42 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.83UU CWAS 21 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 March 15 - 22:46 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.82UU CWAS 22 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 May 23 - 00:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.84UU CWAS 23 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 May 27 - 12:27 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.85UU CWAS 24 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 August 18 - 09:20 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-198 Testflug test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 92 km (57 mi).

1992 August 21 - 17:46 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.81UU Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 August 26 - 15:10 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.93UU CWAS 25 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 September 1 - 01:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.92UU CWAS 26 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 September 21 - 18:32 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.40UP CSOAR Aeronomy / education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 54 km (33 mi).

1992 December 6 - 16:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.94UU CWAS 27 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1992 December 11 - 22:45 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.95UU CWAS 28 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 February 27 - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-200 Strafam 3 / 21 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1993 March 8 - 00:15 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.97UU CWAS 29 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 March 10 - 13:38 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.96UU CWAS 30 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 May 14 - 01:10 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.99UU CWAS 31 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 May 19 - 00:47 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.98UU CWAS 32 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 May 26 - 09:43 GMT - Biscarosse -. Nike Orion DLR C-NO-202 Aerospatiale test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 August 1 - 01:46 GMT - Andoya -. SCT-06 (CONE) Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE?. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 August 2 - 00:23 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-203 NLC-93 SSC Decimals A Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR/SSC. Apogee: 98 km (60 mi).

1993 August 2 - 01:02 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO-204 NLC-93 SSC Decimals B Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR/SSC. Apogee: 105 km (65 mi).

1993 September 10 - 16:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.100UU CWAS 33 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 September 13 - 18:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.101UU CWAS 34 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1993 November 29 - 09:30 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-206 Mini-Texus 1 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 146 km (90 mi).

1994 February 19 - 09:27 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-207 FAILURE: Failure. RASMUS 5 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 3.00 km (1.80 mi).

1994 March 7 - 09:11 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.071UE FAILURE: Failure. Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 May 3 - 07:40 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-208 Mini-Texus 2 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 139 km (86 mi).

1994 June 22 - 02:20 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.087UE Plasma mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 July 16 - 00:23 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.39UE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1994 July 16 - 00:23 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.086UE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 July 28 - 22:39 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-210 Echo 94 F-102 DUSTY Ionosphere mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 July 31 - 00:50 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-211 Echo 94 F-103 DUSTY Ionosphere mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 August 12 - 00:53 GMT - Andoya -. Nike Orion DLR A-NO-212 Echo 94 F-101 CONE Ionosphere mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 August 19 - 15:08 GMT - Alcantara -. Nike Orion NASA 31.102GE GUARA MALTED / CADRE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi).

1994 August 20 - 02:18 GMT - Alcantara -. Nike Orion NASA 31.103GE GUARA MALTED / CADRE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi).

1994 August 22 - 19:38 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.41UP Plasma mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1994 August 24 - 13:39 GMT - Alcantara -. Nike Orion NASA 31.105GE GUARA MALTED / CADRE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 127 km (78 mi).

1994 August 25 - 01:43 GMT - Alcantara -. Nike Orion NASA 31.104GE GUARA MALTED / CADRE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 126 km (78 mi).

1994 September 12 - 15:34 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.107UU CWAS 35 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 September 15 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.108UU CWAS 36 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1994 December 5 - 00:48 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC HYGROSOND Hygrosonde Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 77 km (47 mi).

1995 March 15 - 20:21 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.106NP Test mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1995 March 19 - 15:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.112UU CWAS 37 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1995 March 27 - 15:40 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.113UU CWAS 38 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1995 April 29 - 05:55 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-214 Mini-Texus 4 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi).

1995 May 2 - 05:35 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-215 Mini-Texus 3 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi).

1995 July 14 - 07:50 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion DLR K-O/I-216 FAILURE: Failure. Test Orion 1 test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 7.00 km (4.30 mi).

1995 July 26 - 09:33 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.109UE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1995 August 8 - 08:20 GMT - Poker Flat -. Nike Orion NASA 31.110UE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1995 October 8 - 10:36 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion DLR K-O/I-217 Test Orion 2 test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 74 km (45 mi).

1995 December 4 - 10:23 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC REXUS Test mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 89 km (55 mi).

1996 August 12 - 18:58 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 31.114UP HOMER Aeronomy / education mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

1997 June 4 - 09:00 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC GYROTEST Test mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 94 km (58 mi).

1998 January 26 - 12:26 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO2-230 SSC MERMAID Microgravity / education mission Agency: SSC/DLR. Apogee: 132 km (82 mi).

1998 February 11 - 09:42 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-232 Mini-Texus 5 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1998 March 3 - 22:33 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO2-233 SSC NLTE-1 Atomic 2A Ionosphere mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 134 km (83 mi).

1998 March 6 - 21:26 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Orion DLR K-NO2-234 SSC NLTE-2 Atomic 2B Ionosphere mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 134 km (83 mi).

1998 May 6 - 17:55 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.042NP Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1998 June 16 - 14:19 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.111UP Cincinatti / OhioSGC Aeronomy / education mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi).

1998 October 7 - 11:35 GMT - Kiruna -. Orion DLR K-O-236 Maxus test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi).

1998 December 3 - 11:04 GMT - Kiruna -. Nike Improved Orion DLR K-NO2-237 Mini-Texus 6 Microgravity mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

1999 July 6 - 00:06 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MD-MI-05 MIDAS Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

1999 August 5 - 18:11 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.043NO Sub-SEM Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 40 km (24 mi).

2000 January 30 - 10:25 GMT - Poker Flat -. Orion NASA 30.044UP Student SRP-3 Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 79 km (49 mi).

2000 May 6 - 17:08 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MS-MI-03 MIDAS Ferdinand-115 Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2000 May 15 - 00:46 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MS-MI-05 MIDAS Ferdinand-116 Aeronomy mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2000 May 17 - 10:18 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.122UP SPIRIT 1 Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

2000 June 13 - 16:06 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.121UP Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

2000 June 18 - 11:03 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.045NO Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2000 June 21 - 10:43 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.120UP Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi).

2001 February 19 - 06:02 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion DLR K-O-? Maxus test Agency: DLR. Apogee: 81 km (50 mi).

2001 April 27 - 10:35 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.046UO Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 47 km (29 mi).

2001 May 15 - 01:57 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion HiN-2 Hotel Dart test Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 115 km (71 mi).

2001 June 6 - 10:50 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.048NO Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2001 June 17 - 00:05 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion SO-MI-05 MIDAS Aeronomy / ionosphere mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2001 June 24 - 21:21 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion SO-MI-11 MIDAS Aeronomy / ionosphere mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2001 December 16 - 05:12 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC Hygrosond-2 Hygrosonde II Aeronomy mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2002 March 7 - 09:07 GMT - Poker Flat -. Improved Orion NASA 30.49UE Ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 March 15 - 11:15 GMT - Poker Flat -. Improved Orion NASA 30.52UE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 March 15 - 13:03 GMT - Poker Flat -. Improved Orion NASA 30.50UE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 March 15 - 13:42 GMT - Poker Flat -. Improved Orion NASA 30.51UE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 March 18 - 21:07 GMT - Poker Flat -. Improved Orion NASA 30.47UO SRP-4 Education / ionosphere mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 89 km (55 mi).

2002 May 10 - 06:32 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.124UE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 93 km (57 mi).

2002 May 16 - 06:26 GMT - Wallops Island -. Nike Orion NASA 31.125UE Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 93 km (57 mi).

2002 June 6 - 10:41 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.53NO Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 July 2 - 01:44 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MIDAS MM-MI-12 Aeronomy / fields mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 106 km (65 mi).

2002 July 5 - 01:10 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MIDAS MM-MI-24 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2002 July 5 - 01:42 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion MIDAS MM-MI-25 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2003 June 6 - 10:01 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.55NO Student rocket Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 40 km (24 mi).

2003 July 1 - 09:23 GMT - SvalRak -. Improved Orion ROMA RO-MI-01 ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2003 July 4 - 08:20 GMT - SvalRak -. Improved Orion ROMA RO-MI-02 ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2003 July 6 - 08:23 GMT - SvalRak -. Improved Orion ROMA RO-MI-03 ROMA 2003 Aeronomy mission Agency: DLR. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2003 October 9 - 11:37 GMT - Wallops Island -. Improved Orion NASA 30.54UO Student rocket Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi).

2003 November 28 - 12:05 GMT - SvalRak -. FAILURE: Failure. ICI-1 Plasma mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 12 km (7 mi).

2004 June 9 - 10:35 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.60NO Student rocket Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 43 km (26 mi).

2004 October 28 - 19:49 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC REXUS II REXUS-2/ECOMA Education/Meteor mission Agency: DLR/SSC. Apogee: 91 km (56 mi). The REXUS program was a joint project between the Swedish Space Corporation SSC, ESRANGE, and the Mobile Rocket Base (Moraba) of the German Aerospace Center DLR, conducted by newly founded EUROLAUNCH. The scientific payload capacity was shared between Swedish and German student experimenters. REXUS was considered as an annual sounding rocket program.

2005 January 10 - 04:37 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion SSC MAGIC MAGIC Meteorite dust mission Agency: SSC. Apogee: 95 km (59 mi).

2005 January 20 - 16:00 GMT - White Sands -. Nike Orion NASA 12.062GT NIACS test Agency: NASA GSFC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2005 March 15 - 05:45 GMT - Poker Flat LC3. Improved Orion NASA 30.58UE DUST Aeronomy / dust mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 105 km (65 mi).

2005 March 15 - 07:45 GMT - Poker Flat LC2. Improved Orion NASA 30.59UE DUST Aeronomy / dust mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 105 km (65 mi).

2005 May 17 - 11:14 GMT - Wallops Island -. Improved Orion NASA 30.56UO MAGIC Aeronomy mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2005 June 9 - 10:32 GMT - Wallops Island -. Improved Orion NASA 30.61NO Student rocket Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 49 km (30 mi).

2005 June 17 - White Sands -. Target Agency: USA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2005 June 17 - White Sands -. Target Agency: USA. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi).

2005 July 4 - 08:41 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion HP-200 Hotel IMEF Aeronomy / ionosphere mission Agency: NDRE. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

2005 September 9 - 02:45 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.062DR Acoustic monitoring Calibration mission Agency: NASA/USN. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi).

2005 September 9 - 06:14 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.063DR Acoustic monitoring Calibration mission Agency: NASA/USN. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi).

2005 September 29 - 09:15 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.070DR Telemetry test Agency: NASA/USN. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2005 November 9 - 15:40 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.071DR Target Agency: NASA/NAWC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2006 March 25 - 09:00 GMT - White Sands -. Orion NASA 30.064DR Target Agency: NASA/NAWC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2006 March 25 - 13:07 GMT - White Sands -. Orion NASA 30.065DR Target Agency: NASA/NAWC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2006 April 5 - 05:56 GMT - Kiruna -. Improved Orion REXUS 3 Education mission Agency: DLR/SSC. Apogee: 95 km (59 mi).

2006 June 8 - 11:11 GMT - Wallops Island -. Orion NASA 30.072NO Student (SUBSEM) Education mission Agency: NASA. Apogee: 51 km (31 mi).

2006 July 1 - 07:05 GMT - Andoya -. Improved Orion HotPay-1 FAILURE: Failure. Aeronomy mission Agency: ARR. Apogee: 40 km (24 mi).

2006 July 21 - 09:04 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.066DR Target Agency: NASA/NAWC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2006 July 21 - 13:05 GMT - White Sands -. Improved Orion NASA 30.067DR Target Agency: NASA/NAWC. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi).

2006 September 9 - 22:17 GMT - Andoya -. ECOMA 1 Meteors / dust mission Agency: ARR/DLR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi).

2006 September 17 - 21:06 GMT - Andoya -. ECOMA 2 Meteors / dust mission Agency: ARR/DLR. Apogee: 129 km (80 mi).

2007 August 3 - 23:22 GMT - Andoya -. ECOMA 3 Meteors / dust mission Agency: ARR/DLR. Apogee: 127 km (78 mi).

2007 December 3 - 16:07 GMT - White Sands -. NCADE Target Agency: MDA. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi).