Parus

The requirement for Tsiklon, the first prototype Soviet navigation satellite system, was identified in the late 1950's in order to provide Soviet ballistic missile submarines with accurate position fixes so that acceptable submarine-launched ballistic missile accuracy could be achieved. The draft project was approved in 1962, but development was prolonged due to very poor accuracy due to software problems and lack of accurate geodetic data. The system was finally accepted for service as an interim measure in 1972 pending deployment of the improved Tsiklon-B/Parus system.

Tsiklon was designed by Reshetnev; the navigation and control system was by NII Radiopribor (Ivanov, Chief Designer, L I Gusev, Director); with communications systems by MNIIRS MPSS (Nesvist). The Kosmos-3M launch vehicle was used.

The TTZ specification was completed by the TsYKOS MO (Space Forces) and the VMF (Soviet Navy). In 1962 research institute NII-695 completed the draft project for a Tsiklon experimental satellite. It was to use the Doppler navigation method and be placed in 800 to 1000 km altitude orbits. Development of the satellite was given to Reshetnev and experimental flights began in 1967 in order to develop a system meeting the required tactical and operational characteristics.

The shipboard installation consisted of the Tsunami system, composed of the Sirius radio station, the Signal antenna stabilization platform, the Konus-4 omnidirectional antenna, and the Kvant-L antenna. First trial were conducted with a Project 680 vessel of the Black Sea fleet and showed a position error of 3 km, which was intolerable. A large part of the problem was with inaccuracies in the software models available for predicting the spacecraft ephemeredes. Work by the KIK Center resulted in a 10 to 30 times improvement in this accuracy, incorporating new information on the gravitational anomalies and geoid of the earth. Use of the revised software in 1969 showed an average error of 100 m over a five day period. Further improvement required a better mapping of the earth's gravitational anomalies. Testing of Tsiklon would continue through 1972 before an adequate operational system could be designed and the system was accepted for military service. The Parus/Tsiklon-B production system began flight tests in 1974.

Tsiklon used the basic KAUR-1 bus, consisting of a 2.035 m diameter cylindrical spacecraft body, with solar cells and radiators of the thermostatic temperature regulating system mounted on the exterior. Orientation was by a single-axis magneto-gravitational (gravity gradient boom) passive system. The hermetically sealed compartment had the equipment mounted in cruciform bays, with the chemical batteries protecting the radio and guidance equipment mounted at the center).

Typical orbit: 965 km x 1009 km at 83 degrees inclination. Length: 3.00 m (9.80 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.04 m (6.68 ft). Span: 2.04 m (6.68 ft). Mass: 800 kg (1,760 lb). Electrical System: Solar cells on exterior. Electric System: 0.20 average kW.

• 1962 January 1 - Draft project for Tsiklon experimental navigation satellite completed -
  Research institute NII-695 completed the draft project for a Tsiklon experimental navigation satellite. It was to use the Doppler navigation method and be placed in 800 to 1000 km altitude orbits. Experimental flights began in 1967 in order to develop a system meeting the required tactical and operational characteristics.

• 1967 May 15 - Cosmos 158 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Perigee: 731 km (454 mi). Apogee: 812 km (504 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.30 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1967 September 27 - Tsiklon GVM - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. FAILURE: Launch vehicle exploded on pad.
  Mass model of military navigation satellite used for booster test.

• 1967 November 23 - Cosmos 192 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Perigee: 716 km (444 mi). Apogee: 725 km (450 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.20 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1968 May 7 - Cosmos 220 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Perigee: 637 km (395 mi). Apogee: 700 km (430 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 98.10 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1969 August 13 - Cosmos 292 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Perigee: 719 km (446 mi). Apogee: 733 km (455 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 99.30 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1969 October 21 - Cosmos 304 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 795 kg (1,752 lb). Perigee: 731 km (454 mi). Apogee: 748 km (464 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.60 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1970 April 11 - Cosmos 332 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Perigee: 727 km (451 mi). Apogee: 736 km (457 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.40 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1970 August 20 - Cosmos 358 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Perigee: 334 km (207 mi). Apogee: 342 km (212 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 91.30 min.
  Identification uncertain. Possibly a Tsiklon military navigation satellite placed in incorrect orbit.

• 1970 October 12 - Cosmos 371 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Perigee: 722 km (448 mi). Apogee: 728 km (452 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.30 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1970 December 12 - Cosmos 385 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 973 km (604 mi). Apogee: 980 km (600 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.60 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1971 May 22 - Cosmos 422 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 982 km (610 mi). Apogee: 1,005 km (624 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1971 December 15 - Cosmos 465 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 965 km (599 mi). Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1972 February 25 - Cosmos 475 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 962 km (597 mi). Apogee: 996 km (618 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1972 May 6 - Cosmos 489 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 961 km (597 mi). Apogee: 998 km (620 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1972 August 16 - Cosmos 514 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 952 km (591 mi). Apogee: 967 km (600 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.30 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1973 January 26 - Cosmos 546 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Complex: LC107/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Perigee: 537 km (333 mi). Apogee: 564 km (350 mi). Inclination: 50.70 deg. Period: 95.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1973 May 25 - Zaliv - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause.
  

• 1973 June 20 - Cosmos 574 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Perigee: 976 km (606 mi). Apogee: 1,010 km (620 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1973 September 14 - Cosmos 586 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Perigee: 961 km (597 mi). Apogee: 1,003 km (623 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1973 December 29 - Cosmos 627 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Perigee: 967 km (600 mi). Apogee: 1,014 km (630 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1974 January 17 - Cosmos 628 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Perigee: 952 km (591 mi). Apogee: 1,008 km (626 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1974 June 27 - Cosmos 663 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 963 km (598 mi). Apogee: 999 km (620 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1974 October 18 - Cosmos 689 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Perigee: 972 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 105.00 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1975 April 22 - Cosmos 729 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 725 kg (1,598 lb). Perigee: 971 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1976 February 3 - Cosmos 800 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Perigee: 978 km (607 mi). Apogee: 1,009 km (626 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1976 June 2 - Cosmos 823 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Perigee: 971 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1976 July 29 - Cosmos 846 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Perigee: 947 km (588 mi). Apogee: 1,009 km (626 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1977 January 20 - Cosmos 890 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Perigee: 975 km (605 mi). Apogee: 1,016 km (631 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1977 October 28 - Cosmos 962 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Perigee: 962 km (597 mi). Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1978 March 15 - Cosmos 994 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 920 kg (2,020 lb). Perigee: 971 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.90 min.
  Military navigation satellite.

• 1978 July 27 - Cosmos 1027 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Mass: 920 kg (2,020 lb). Perigee: 957 km (594 mi). Apogee: 998 km (620 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min.
  Military navigation satellite.