IMAGE

The IMAGE spacecraft imaged remote particle populations in the magnetosphere. These allowed detailed study of the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere and the magnetosphere's response during a magnetic storm.

IMAGE was the first of its kind, designed to actually "see" most of the major charged particle systems in the space surrounding Earth. Previous spacecraft explored the magnetosphere by detecting particles and fields they encountered as they passed through them. This technique limited their "vision" to small portions of this vast and dynamic field, which extends about 40,000 miles on Earth's day side and about 110,000 miles on Earth's night side. It would be similar to attempt understanding the nature of the world's oceans from a single buoy.

Just as taking a photograph of the night sky allows astronomers to count and study millions of stars at once, images returned by the IMAGE spacecraft were to provide simultaneous measurements of the densities, energies and masses of charged particles throughout the inner magnetosphere using three-dimensional imaging techniques.

During its two-year mission, the half-ton IMAGE spacecraft was to image remote particle populations in the magnetosphere. These "photographs" would then be linked together to make movies in real time. Their rapid two-minute cadence was to allow detailed study of the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere and the magnetosphere's response during a magnetic storm, which typically lasted a few days. IMAGE also used a real-time down link to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for space weather forecasting

IMAGE employed six instruments along with a data processor:

• High Energy Neutral Atom (HENA) imager, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md.
• Medium Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) imager, SwRI
• Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager, Goddard
• Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imager, University of Arizona
• Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imager, University of California at Berkeley
• Radio Plasma Imager (RPI), University of Massachusetts at Lowell
• Central Instrument Data Processor (CIDP), SwRI.

Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space of Sunnyvale, Calif. built the IMAGE spacecraft under contract with SwRI. On orbit, the RPI antennas aboard IMAGE extended 10 m parallel to the spin axis and 250 m in four directions perpendicular to the spin axis, making IMAGE the longest spacecraft then in orbit.

Typical orbit: 14.5-hour polar orbit, 1,000 km x 45,871km. Length: 1.52 m (4.98 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.25 m (7.38 ft). Span: 250.00 m (820.00 ft). Mass: 494 kg (1,089 lb). Electric System: 0.29 average kW.

• 2000 March 25 - IMAGE - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2W. Launch Vehicle: Delta. Mass: 536 kg (1,181 lb). Perigee: 1,408 km (875 mi). Apogee: 45,461 km (28,248 mi). Inclination: 89.43 deg. Period: 854.09 min.
  Imager for Magnetopause to Aurora Global Exploration was a MIDEX (mid-sized Explorer mission) developed by NASA-Goddard and the SWRI (Southwest Research Institute) of San Antonio, Texas. The spin-stabilised spacecraft carried a set of neutral atom and ultraviolet imagers, and antennae to study radio wavelength emissions from the magnetosphere plasma. The RPI radio plasma imager has four long wire antennae which will be deployed to a span of half a kilometre.