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Manufacturer's Designation: OV-099. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Destination: Maximum Payload Orbit. Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Manufacturer: North American. Challenger, the second space shuttle orbiter to become operational at Kennedy Space Center, was named after an American Naval research vessel that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's. The Apollo 17 lunar module also carried the name of Challenger. The Challenger flew nine missions before it was destroyed together with its crew in the explosion of mission STS-51-L on 28 January 1986. Challenger joined NASA fleet of reusable winged spaceships in July 1982. It flew nine successful Space Shuttle missions. On January 28, 1986, the Challenger and its seven-member crew were lost 73 seconds after launch when a booster failure resulted in the breakup of the vehicle. Challenger started out as a high-fidelity structural test article (STA-099). The airframe was completed by Rockwell and delivered to Lockheed Plant 42 for structural testing on 02/04/78. The orbiter structure had evolved under such weight-saving pressure that virtually all components of the air frame were required to handle significant structural stress. With such an optimized design, it was difficult to accurately predict mechanical and thermal loading with the computer software available at the time. The only safe approach was to submit the structural test article to intensive testing and analysis. STA-099 underwent 11 months of intensive vibration testing in a 43 ton steel rig built especially for the Space Shuttle Test Program. The rig consisted of 256 hydraulic jacks, distributed over 836 load application points. Under computer control, it was possible to simulate the expected stress levels of launch, ascent, on-orbit, reentry and landing. Three 1 million pound-force hydraulic cylinders were used to simulate the thrust from the Space Shuttle Main Engines. Heating and thermal simulations were also done. Rockwell's original $2.6 billion contract had authorized the building of a pair of static-test articles (MPTA-098 and STS-099) and two initial flight-test vehicles (OV-101 and OV-102). A decision in 1978 not to modify Enterprise from her ALT configuration would have left Columbia as the only operational orbiter vehicle. Therefore on 1/29/79 NASA awarded Rockwell a supplemental contract to convert Challenger (STA-099) from a test vehicle into a space-rated Orbiter (OV-099). STA-099 was returned to Rockwell on 11/7/79 and it's conversion into a fully rated Orbiter Vehicle was started. This conversion, while easier than it would have been to convert Enterprise, still involved a major disassembly of the vehicle. Challenger had been built with a simulated crew module and the forward fuselage halves had to be separated to gain access to the crew module. Additionally, the wings were modified and reinforced to incorporate the results of structural testing and two heads-up displays (HUD's) were installed in the cockpit. Empty Weight was 70,500 kg at rollout and 79,415 kg with main engines installed. This was 1310 kg lighter than Columbia Upgrades and Features Two orbiters, Challenger and Discovery, were modified at KSC to enable them to carry the Centaur upper stage in the payload bay. These modifications included extra plumbing to load and vent Centaur's cryogenic (Lox/LH2) propellants (other IUS/PAM upper stages used solid propellants). Controls were installed on the aft flight deck for loading and monitoring the Centaur stage. No Centaur flight was ever flown and after the loss of Challenger it was decided that the risk was too great to launch a shuttle with a fuelled Centaur upper stage in the payload bay. Construction Milestones (MPTA-098) 07/26/72 Contract Award
06/24/75 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
07/12/76 Start of Final Assembly
05/27/77 Completed Final Assembly
04/21/78 Flight Readiness Firing
Construction Milestones (STA-099)
07/26/72 Contract Award
11/21/75 Start structural assembly of Crew Module
06/14/76 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
03/16/77 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman
09/30/77 Start of Final Assembly
02/10/78 Completed Final Assembly
02/14/78 Rollout from Palmdale
Construction Milestones (OV-099)
01/05/79 Contract Award
01/28/79 Start structural assembly of Crew Module
06/14/76 Start structural assembly of aft-fuselage
03/16/77 Wings arrive at Palmdale from Grumman
11/03/80 Start of Final Assembly
10/23/81 Completed Final Assembly
06/30/82 Rollout from Palmdale
07/01/82 Overland transport from Palmdale to Edwards
07/05/82 Delivery to Kennedy Space Center
12/19/82 Flight Readiness Firing
04/04/83 First Flight (STS-6) Crew Size: 8. Design Life: 9 days. Orbital Storage: 30 days. Typical orbit: 319 km circular orbit, 39.7 deg inclination. Length: 37.24 m (122.17 ft). Maximum Diameter: 23.79 m (78.05 ft). Span: 23.79 m (78.05 ft). Habitable Volume: 71.50 m3. Mass: 116,670 kg (257,210 lb). Structure Mass: 30,050 kg (66,240 lb). Heat Shield Mass: 12,100 kg (26,600 lb). Reaction Control System: 2,800 kg (6,100 lb). Recovery Equipment: 4,200 kg (9,200 lb). Navigation Equipment: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Electrical Equipment: 7,000 kg (15,400 lb). Communications Systems: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Crew Seats and Provisions: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Miscellaneous Contingency: 2,400 kg (5,200 lb). Environmental Control System: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Payload: 24,990 kg (55,090 lb). RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 38 x 387 N. RCS Fine No x Thrust: 6 x 107 N. RCS Propellants: N2O4/MMH. RCS Isp: 289 sec. RCS Impulse: 9,355 kgf-sec. Main Engine: OME. Main Engine: 14,912 kg (32,875 lb). Main Engine Thrust: 53.367 kN (11,997 lbf). Main Engine Propellants: N2O4/MMH. Main Engine Propellants: 12,412 kg (27,363 lb). Main Engine Isp: 316 sec. Spacecraft delta v: 700 m/s (2,290 ft/sec). Electrical System: Fuel Cells. Electric System: 14.00 average kW. Electric System: 3,100.00 kWh. Associated Launch Vehicle: Shuttle.
Challenger Chronology - 1978 February 10 - Complete final assembly, STA-099, Palmdale - Program: STS.
- 1978 February 14 - STA-099 on dock, Lockheed facility, Palmdale - Program: STS.
- 1979 June 21 - Start assembly crew module, Challenger (OV-099) - Program: STS.
- 1983 April 4 - STS-6 - Program: STS. Crew: Bobko, Musgrave, Peterson, Weitz. Flight: STS-6. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 21,305 kg (46,969 lb). Perigee: 288 km (178 mi). Apogee: 295 km (183 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.40 min. Duration: 5.02 days.
Manned four crew. First flight of space shuttle Challenger; deployed TDRSS. Payloads: Deployment of Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS)-A with Inertial Upper Stage (lUS)-2, Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Night/Day Optical Survey of Lightning (NOSL) experiment, three getaway specials (GAS).
- 1983 August 30 - STS-8 - Program: STS. Crew: Bluford, Brandenstein, Gardner, Thornton Bill, Truly. Flight: STS-8. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 13,642 kg (30,075 lb). Perigee: 306 km (190 mi). Apogee: 313 km (194 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.70 min. Duration: 6.05 days.
First night launch and night landing. Deployed Insat 1B. Payloads: Deployment of INSAT (lndia communica-tion satellite) with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D, Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA)/ Payload Deployment Retrieval System (PDRS), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis (CFES), biomedical experiments. 250,000 express mail envelopes with special cachet for U.S. Postal Service were carried for a first-day cover.
- 1983 June 18 - STS-7 - Program: STS. Crew: Crippen, Fabian, Hauck, Ride, Thagard. Flight: STS-7. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 16,839 kg (37,123 lb). Perigee: 299 km (185 mi). Apogee: 307 km (190 mi). Inclination: 28.30 deg. Period: 90.60 min. Duration: 6.10 days.
Manned five crew. Deployed Anik C2, Palapa B1; deployed and retrieved SPAS platform. Payloads: Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-2 experiments, deployment of PALAPA-B1 communications satellite for Indonesia with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and Telesat-F communications satellite for Canada with PAM-D, German Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01, seven getaway specials (GAS), Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES).
- 1984 April 6 - STS-41-C - Program: STS. Crew: Crippen, Hart, Nelson, Scobee, van Hoften. Flight: STS-41-C. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 17,357 kg (38,265 lb). Perigee: 222 km (137 mi). Apogee: 468 km (290 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 91.40 min. Duration: 6.99 days.
Manned five crew. First repair on orbit of a satellite, Solar Maximum Mission, by James van Hoften and George Nelson. Deployed LDEF. Payloads:Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) repair, manned maneuvering unit (MMU) satellite support, deployment of Long-Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) in earth orbit free drift. LDEF contained 57 experiments and weighed about 10,000 kg. Cinema 360 and IMAX 70-mm cameras.
- 1984 February 3 - STS-41-B - Program: STS. Crew: Brand, Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart. Flight: STS-41-B. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 15,362 kg (33,867 lb). Perigee: 307 km (190 mi). Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Inclination: 28.50 deg. Period: 90.80 min. Duration: 7.97 days.
Manned five crew. Deployed Westar 6, Palapa B2; tested Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). Payloads: PALAPA-B2 (Indonesian communications satellite) with Payload Assist Module (PAM)-D and WESTAR (Western Union communications satellite)-Vl with PAM-D. Both satellites were deployed but the PAM-D in each satellite failed to ignite, leaving both satellites in earth orbit. Both satellites were retrieved and returned to earth for renovation on the STS-51-A mission. The manned maneuvering unit (MMU) was tested with extravehicular astronauts as free flyers without tethers as far as 98 m from the orbiter. Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS)-01 experiments, Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR), Isoelectric Focusing Experiment (lEF), Acoustic Containerless Experiment System (ACES), Cinema 360 cameras, five getaway specials (GAS), Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification (ACIP)/High Resolution Accelerom-eter Package (HIRAP).
- 1984 October 5 - STS-41-G - Program: STS. Crew: Crippen, Garneau, Leestma, McBride, Ride, Scully-Power, Sullivan. Flight: STS-41-G. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 10,643 kg (23,463 lb). Perigee: 350 km (210 mi). Apogee: 390 km (240 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.00 min. Duration: 8.22 days.
Manned seven crew. Deployed ERBS; performed high resolution Earth imagery. Payloads: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) deployment, Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA)-3 experiments, Large Format Camera (LFC). First use of Orbital Refueling System (ORS) with extravehicular activity (EVA) astronauts, IMAX camera. In response to the American Strategic Defence Initiative and continued military use of the shuttle, the Soviet Union fired a 'warning shot' from the Terra-3 laser complex at Sary Shagan. The facility tracked Challenger with a low power laser on 10 October 1984. This caused malfunctions to on-board equipment and discomfort / temporary blinding of the crew, leading to a US diplomatic protest.
- 1985 April 29 - STS-51-B - Program: STS. Crew: Gregory, Lind, Overmyer, Thagard, Thornton Bill, van den Berg, Wang. Flight: STS-51-B. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 14,245 kg (31,404 lb). Perigee: 346 km (214 mi). Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Inclination: 57.00 deg. Period: 91.50 min. Duration: 7.01 days.
Manned seven crew. Deployed Nusat; carried Spacelab 3. Payloads: Spacelab-3 experiments, habitable Spacelab and mission peculiar experiment support structure. The experiments represented a total of five different disciplines: materials processing in space, environmental observa-tions, life science, astrophysics, and technology experiments. Two getaway specials (GAS). The flight crew was split into gold and silver shifts working 12-hour days during the flight.
- 1985 July 29 - STS-51-F - Program: STS. Crew: Acton, Bartoe, Bridges, England, Fullerton, Henize, Musgrave. Flight: STS-51-F. Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. Mass: 15,603 kg (34,398 lb). Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). Inclination: 49.50 deg. Period: 89.90 min. Duration: 7.95 days.
Manned seven crew. At 5 minutes, 45 seconds into ascent the number one engine shut down prematurely due to a a sensor problem and an abort to orbit was declared. Despite the anomaly the mission continued. Launched PDP; carried Spacelab 2. Payloads: Spacelab-2 with 13 experiments, Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX), Protein Crystal Growth (PCG). The flight crew was divided into a red and blue team. Each team worked 12-hour shifts for 24-hour-a-day operation.
Bibliography and Further Reading
- Wilson, Keith T., Spaceflight, "EVA Log 1965-1997", 1998, Volume 40, page 85.
- Jenkins, Dennis R,, Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System : The First 100 Missions, Third edition, Voyageur Press, 2001. ISBN: 0963397451. Excellent - the most comprehensive account of the design, development, and flights of the space shuttle.Takes the reader from the maze of designs during the first shuttle competition to future plans. More at amazon.com...
- Furniss, Tim, Manned Spaceflight Log, Jane's, London, 1986. ISBN: 0710604025. Summary of all manned spaceflights up to 1986. Pre-Glasnost, so many 'war stories' of Soviet manned spaceflight are not included. More at amazon.com...
- McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
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