 | USA Credit - © Mark Wade
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Major Articles Relating to USA
- Project Horizon. The project summary of the US Army's 1959 plan to place a military base on the moon by 1965!
- Lunex. In May 1961, just as Kennedy had decided that NASA should put an American on the moon, the US Air Force released a secret report, summarising the result of years of planning to place a military base on the moon by 1967.
- By Gemini to the Moon!. The Gusmobile might have gotten on the moon faster, quicker, cheaper (but not better...)
- Skylab's Untimely Fate. James Oberg tells the sad story of how the United States abandoned the largest space station ever built and spent a quarter century trying to regain the capability.
Launch Sites in USA - Altus AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Oklahoma. Latitude: 34.7548. Longitude: -99.2689.
- Antigua. Agency: NASA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 17.1380. Longitude: -61.7750.
- Arecibo. Agency: NASA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Camp Tortuguero, and Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. Latitude: 18.4831. Longitude: -66.4394.
- Ascension. Agency: USAF/NASA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Ascension Island. Latitude: -7.9748. Longitude: -14.4147.
- Barking Sands. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Kauai Test Facility (KTF), Kauai, Hawaii. Latitude: 22.0487. Longitude: -159.7765.
- Barksdale AFB. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Louisiana. Latitude: 32.5017. Longitude: -93.6625.
- Barter Island. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Alaska. Latitude: 70.1088. Longitude: -143.6345.
- Beale AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: California. Latitude: 38.8819. Longitude: -121.2653.
- Bigen Island. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Aur Atoll, Marshall Islands. Latitude: 8.3646. Longitude: 171.0428.
- Bikini. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Pacific Proving Grounds, Bikini Island. Latitude: 11.6150. Longitude: 165.5529.
- Black Mesa. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Blanding, Utah. Latitude: 37.3700. Longitude: -109.2900.
- Black Rock Desert. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Nevada. Latitude: 41.0000. Longitude: -119.0000.
- Blue Origin. Agency: Blue Origin. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Corn Ranch, Culberson County, Texas. Latitude: 31.3300. Longitude: -104.9000.
- Cape Canaveral. Agency: USAF. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. Latitude: 28.4667. Longitude: -80.5585.
- Charlestown. Agency: SPFLA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Rhode Island. Latitude: 41.3600. Longitude: -71.6684.
- China Lake. Agency: USN. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Naval Ordnance Test Station, California. Latitude: 35.5783. Longitude: -117.0401.
- Datil. Agency: US Army. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: New Mexico. Latitude: 34.0808. Longitude: -107.5078.
- Davis-Monthan AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Arizona. Latitude: 32.2236. Longitude: -110.9267.
- Dyess AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Texas. Latitude: 32.2419. Longitude: -99.7611.
- Eareckson. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Eareckson Air Station, Shemya Island, Alaska. Latitude: 52.7230. Longitude: 174.0720.
- Edwards. Agency: USAF. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Edwards AFB, California. Latitude: 34.9675. Longitude: -117.8538.
- Eglin. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Eglin AFB, Florida. Latitude: 30.3904. Longitude: -86.7735.
- Eglin AFB. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Florida. Latitude: 29.6773. Longitude: -85.3459.
- Ellsworth AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Wyoming. Latitude: 44.1300. Longitude: -103.1000.
- Eniwetok. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Eniwetok Proving Grounds, Eniwetok (Enewetak) Atoll, Marshall Islands. Latitude: 11.3399. Longitude: 162.3249.
- Fairchild AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Washington. Latitude: 47.6484. Longitude: -117.8173.
- Forbes AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Kansas. Latitude: 38.9581. Longitude: -95.7921.
- Fort Bliss. Agency: US Army. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Texas. Latitude: 32.0737. Longitude: -106.1526.
- Fort Greely. Agency: US Army. Type: Anti-Ballistic Missile Site. Location: Delta Junction, Alaska. Latitude: 63.9341. Longitude: -145.7369.
- Fort Sherman. Agency: NASA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Panama Canal Zone. Latitude: 9.3626. Longitude: -79.9501.
- Fort Wingate. Agency: US Army SMDC. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Fort Wingate Depot Activity, New Mexico. Latitude: 35.4487. Longitude: -108.5994.
- Fort Yukon. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Alaska. Latitude: 66.5623. Longitude: -145.1972.
- Gilson Butte. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Utah. Latitude: 38.6078. Longitude: -110.5980.
- Grand Forks AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: North Dakota. Latitude: 48.1521. Longitude: -98.4300.
- Green River. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Utah. Latitude: 38.9418. Longitude: -110.0756.
- Guam. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Marianas Islands. Latitude: 13.5969. Longitude: 144.9025.
- Holloman. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Holloman Air Development Center, New Mexico. Latitude: 32.9028. Longitude: -106.0984.
- Johnston Island. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 16.7329. Longitude: -169.5298.
- Keweenaw. Agency: University of Michigan. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Keweenaw Rocket Launch Site (KRLS), Michigan. Latitude: 47.4298. Longitude: -87.7144.
- Kiritimati. Agency: Boeing Sea Launch. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Sea Launch Kiritimati Launch Area, Pacific Ocean. Latitude: 0.0000. Longitude: -154.0000.
- Kodiak. Agency: AADC. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Kodiak Launch Complex, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Latitude: 57.4353. Longitude: -152.3393.
- Kwajalein. Agency: US Army SMDC. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA), Marshall Islands. Latitude: 8.9995. Longitude: 167.6546.
- Larson AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Washington. Latitude: 47.0048. Longitude: -119.2116.
- Lincoln AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Nebraska. Latitude: 40.6627. Longitude: -96.5957.
- Little Rock AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Arkansas. Latitude: 35.2775. Longitude: -92.2018.
- Lowry AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Colorado. Latitude: 39.6686. Longitude: -104.0281.
- Malmstrom AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Montana. Latitude: 47.2817. Longitude: -110.8011.
- Matagorda Island. Agency: SSI. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Texas. Latitude: 28.3194. Longitude: -96.4630.
- McConnell AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Kansas . Latitude: 37.7522. Longitude: -97.4228.
- Mercury. Agency: USN/AEC. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Nevada. Latitude: 36.6742. Longitude: -115.9683.
- Minot AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: North Dakota. Latitude: 48.6253. Longitude: -101.4372.
- Mojave. Agency: Kern County. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Mojave, California. Latitude: 35.0591. Longitude: -118.1488.
- Mountain Home AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Idaho. Latitude: 43.2981. Longitude: -116.2517.
- NAOTS. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Naval Air Ordnance Test Station, Chincoteague, Virginia. Latitude: 37.9591. Longitude: -75.3376.
- Nevada Test Site. Agency: US DOE. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 36.7715. Longitude: -116.1137.
- North Truro. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Latitude: 42.0000. Longitude: -70.0200.
- Offutt AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Iowa. Latitude: 41.5189. Longitude: -96.1831.
- Plattsburgh AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Vermont. Latitude: 44.9025. Longitude: -73.6938.
- Point Arguello. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Naval Missile Facility, California. Latitude: 34.6200. Longitude: -120.6000.
- Point Barrow. Agency: NASA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Alaska. Latitude: 71.2856. Longitude: -156.7759.
- Point Mugu. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Naval Missile and Astronautics Center, California. Latitude: 34.0994. Longitude: -119.1212.
- Poker Flat. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Poker Flat Research Range, Ft Wainwright, Alaska. Latitude: 65.1260. Longitude: -147.4789.
- Presque Isle AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICCM Base. Location: Maine. Latitude: 46.4000. Longitude: -68.0000.
- Ramey. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Ramey AFB, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Latitude: 18.4960. Longitude: -67.1262.
- San Clemente. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: San Clemente Island, Pacific Missile Range, California. Latitude: 32.9177. Longitude: -118.4870.
- San Nicolas. Agency: USN. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: San Nicolas Island, Pacific Missile Range, California. Latitude: 33.2798. Longitude: -119.5221.
- Schilling AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Kansas. Latitude: 38.9822. Longitude: -97.6885.
- Spaceport America. Agency: New Mexico Spaceport Authority. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Upham, New Mexico. Latitude: 32.8894. Longitude: -106.9995.
- Thule AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Halvo, Greenland. Latitude: 76.4774. Longitude: -68.4992.
- Tonopah. Agency: Sandia. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Tonopah Test Range, Nevada. Latitude: 37.7965. Longitude: -116.7795.
- Vandenberg. Agency: USAF. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Vandenberg AFB, California. Latitude: 34.7720. Longitude: -120.6012.
- Wake Island. Agency: USAF. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 19.2900. Longitude: 166.6177.
- Walker AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: New Mexico. Latitude: 33.4056. Longitude: -104.4945.
- Wallops Island. Agency: NASA. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia. Latitude: 37.8462. Longitude: -75.4794.
- Warren AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming. Latitude: 40.6087. Longitude: -103.7882.
- White Sands. Agency: US Army SMDC. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Latitude: 32.5646. Longitude: -106.3591.
- Whiteman AFB. Agency: USAF. Type: ICBM Base. Location: Missouri. Latitude: 38.2604. Longitude: -93.4289.
- Yuma. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Arizona. Latitude: 32.8600. Longitude: -114.3970.
Launch Sites Operated by USA in Other Countries - Barbados. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Windward Islands. Latitude: 13°04' N. Longitude: 59°29' W.
- Bitburg AB. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 49°55' N. Longitude: 6°31' E.
- Cigli. Agency: USAF/Turkish AF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 38°30' N. Longitude: 27°00' E.
- Comiso. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 36°59'44" N. Longitude: 14°36'34" E.
- Florennes. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 50°13'35" N. Longitude: 4°39'0" E.
- Gando. Agency: OSC. Operator: USA. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Base Aerea de Gando, Gran Canaria. Latitude: 27°55' N. Longitude: 15°19' W.
- Gioia. Agency: USAF/Italian AF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 40°48' N. Longitude: 16°56' E.
- Greenham Common. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 51°22'34" N. Longitude: 1°18'12" E.
- Hahn AB. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 49°50' N. Longitude: 7°15' E.
- Kadena AB. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Location: Okinawa. Latitude: 26°30' N. Longitude: 127°48' E.
- Mace South Korea. Agency: US Army. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 35°55' N. Longitude: 126°36' E.
- Mace Taiwan. Agency: US Army. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Location: Taiwan. Latitude: 24°24' N. Longitude: 120°30' E.
- Molesworth. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 52°28'0" N. Longitude: 0°25'35" E.
- Neu Ulm. Agency: US Army. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 48°22'40" N. Longitude: 10°0'45" E.
- Punta Lobos. Agency: NASA. Operator: USA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 12°30' S. Longitude: 76°48' W.
- RAF Driffield. Agency: USAF/RAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 54°00' N. Longitude: 00°27' W.
- RAF Feltwell. Agency: USAF/RAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 52°29' N. Longitude: 00°32' E.
- RAF Hemswell. Agency: USAF/RAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 53°24' N. Longitude: 00°35' W.
- RAF North Luffenham. Agency: USAF/RAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 52°37' N. Longitude: 00°37' W.
- Schwaebisch-Gmuend. Agency: US Army. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 48°48'54" N. Longitude: 9°48'29" E.
- Sembach AB. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 49°31' N. Longitude: 7°48' E.
- Sierra de Juarez. Operator: USA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Baja California. Latitude: 32°15' N. Longitude: 115°50' W.
- Sonde Stromfjord. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Kangerlussuaq. Latitude: 67°01'23" N. Longitude: 50°35'49" W.
- Waldheide-Neckarsulm. Agency: US Army. Operator: USA. Type: IRBM Base. Latitude: 49°7'45" N. Longitude: 9°16'31" E.
- Wheelus AFB. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Location: Tripoli. Latitude: 32°48' N. Longitude: 13°06' E.
- Woensdrecht. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 51°26'12" N. Longitude: 4°21'15" E.
- Wueschheim. Agency: USAF. Operator: USA. Type: IRCM Base. Latitude: 50°2'33" N. Longitude: 7°25'6" E.
Rockets Developed in USA - AACB Class 1. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. In 1965-1966 NASA and the Department of Defense jointly studied two-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicles as a follow-on to existing expendable launchers. Following review of the three classes of alternative approaches, it was recommended that the immediate goal of the United States should be development of a partially reusable 'Class I' launch vehicle, which could be available by 1975 and would be competitive with existing expendable boosters. A fully reusable vehicle should only be pursued at a later date.
- AACB Class 2. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. The AACB Class II launch vehicle was a fully reusable, two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle. Both stages would be lifting bodies and be powered by Lox/LH2 engines. The system would be operational by 1978 and place 9,100 kg of payload in orbit.
- AACB Class 3. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. The AACB Class III launch vehicle was an advanced concept use air-breathing stages, but still requiring two stages to achieve orbit. The joint NASA/USAF panel concluded that the technology did not yet exist to develop this concept, so it was only regarded as an option by 1982 at the earliest.
- ACES. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Study. SDIO/BMDO project, follow on to Arrow
- Aerobee. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1985. In late 1945 James Van Allen was assigned by John Hopkins University to survey sounding rocket requirements for upper atmosphere research. The V-2 was found to be too heavy and complex. In 1946 Van Allen decided that what was needed was a small rocket, derived from the Aerojet Wac Corporal and the Bumblebee missile developed under a US Navy program. This combination of an Aerojet booster and a Bumblebee second stage was dubbed the Aerobee. Aerobees were launched for 53 m tall launch towers to provide the necessary stability until enough speed had been gained for the fins to be effective in controlling the rocket. Launch towers were built at White Sands, Fort Churchill, Wallops Island, and aboard the research ship USN Norton Sound. The Aerobee could take 68 kg to 130 km altitude.
- Aerospaceplane. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1963. Development project from 1958-1963 for a horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing, single-stage-to-orbit vehicle that would carry three crew and additional paylaod from any airfield to orbit and back
- AICBM. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1967.
- ait. - target missile - Status: Active. The ait vehicles were developed to support the USAF Airborne Intercept Technology program. They consisted of a Minuteman SR19AJ1 first stage (the basic ait version) or Thiokol Castor IVB first stage (designated ait-2), and a Minuteman II M57A1 second stage. A front-end module housed the payloads, the control system, GPS, and inertial guidance electronics.
- ALARR. - air-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1970. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x F4D Phantom + 1 x Genie-Alarr
- ALCM. - air-to-surface missile - Status: Active.
- Aldebaran. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1962. Immense nuclear pulse launch vehicle proposed by Dandridge Cole.
- ALS. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1988. The Advanced Launch System (ALS), was a US Air Force funded effort in 1987-1989 to develop a flexible, modular, heavy-lift, high rate space launch vehicle that could deliver payloads to earth orbit at a tenth the cost of existing boosters. Such a vehicle was seen as essential to supporting the launch of the huge numbers of satellites required for deployment of the ‘Star Wars’ ballistic missile defense system. With the end of the Cold War, Star Wars was abandoned. The projected launch rate without the Star Wars requirement could never pay back the $15 billion non recurring cost, and the program was ended.
- AltAir. - target missile - Status: Active. Single-stage launch vehicle air dropped from a C-130 consisting of a surplus Minuteman SR19 stage and a payload section.
- AMROC. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1989. The AMROC corporation proposed to develop low-cost hybrid-propulsion orbital launch vehicles in the 1980's. Actual flight hardware did not go beyond a small test vehicle.
- AMS-H. - tactical ballistic missile - Status: Study. Advanced Missile System - Heavy, US Army
- Apache. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1980. The Apache upper stage was an improved version of the Cajun. The Thiokol engine used aluminised polyurethane propellant with a higher specific impulse and phenolic lining in the steel nozzle. Cost to NASA was $ 6,000 per rocket. The Apache could be used in a single stage version, but was normally used with a booster stage, usually the Nike.
- Aphrodite. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1945.
- Apollo LES. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1965. Flight tests from a surface pad of the Apollo Launch Escape System using a boilerplate capsule.
- Aquarius. - sea-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1998-2006. Proposed expendable, water launch, single-stage-to-orbit, liquid oxygen/hydrogen, low-cost launch vehicle designed to carry small bulk payloads to low earth orbit. A unique attribute was that low reliability was accepted in order to achieve low cost.
- Arcas. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1991. The Arcas (All-Purpose Rocket for Collecting Atmospheric Soundings) was developed by the Atlantic Research Corporation for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) with the
support of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. Primarily a meteorological rocket, the Arcas was first fired in July 1959. The single-stage version was designed to lift 5.4 kg to 64
km. For more demanding missions, several versions of boosted Arcas were developed, as well as a stretched Super Arcas motor.
- Arcon. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1959. Similar to the Deacon and Cajun. Developed by the Atlantic Research Corp. for NRL. First used in 1958. Designed to lift 18 kg to 113 km. The two-stage vehicle consisted of two Arcon motors in tandem.
- Ares. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. ATK Thiokol made proposals in 2004 for a shuttle-derived booster to launch cargo payloads of 18 tonnes, or the manned CEV Crew Exploration Vehicle, into low earth orbit. A single shuttle solid rocket booster would be mated with an upper stage in the 100 tonne class. NASA's own studies led it to a similar vehicle, but with a larger upper stage and a 25 tonne payload. The components of this vehicle would be augmented and clustered to make a Saturn V-class vehicle for the Orion return-to-the-moon mission.
- Ares FBB. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. The ARES ((Affordable REsponsive Spacelift) concept was of a reusable fly-back booster with expendable upper stages. The US Air Force began development of a demonstrator in May 2005, with a first flight date of 2010. It was felt that derivatives of the concept could support all space lift requirements of the USAF.
- Ares ICBM. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1964. The Ares single-stage, liquid-propellant ICBM was the objective of propulsion studies at both Aerojet and Rocketdyne.
- Argo. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1959. Argo sounding rockets measured radiation caused by the Project Argus high altitude nuclear explosions. The missiles reached 800 km altitude, and were launched from Wallops Island, AMR, and Ramey AFB, Puerto Rico. The Argo A-1, also known as Percheron, consisted of a modified Sergeant plus 2 Recruits, and was later used on occasion by NASA's Langley Research Center. It could lift 180 kg to 177 km. The Argo D-4, D-8, and E-5 are listed under Javelin, Journeyman, and Jason.
- Argus. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired. NASA Bios (biological investigation of space).
- Aries. - target missile - Status: Active. Space Vector Corporation developed and flew the Aries test vehicle (based on the Minuteman 1 second stage) for Strategic Defence Initiative payloads.
- ARPAT. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1965.
- ARS. - sounding rocket - Status: Cancelled 1933. The ARS-2 was an improvement by the American Interplanetary Socity of the German Mirak design. It used liquid oxygen and gasoline propellants, and was successfully launched on 14 May 1933. Successive rockets refined the design.
- ASAT. - anti-satellite missile - Status: Retired 1986. The ASAT air-launched anti-satellite missile was developed by Vought in response to a 1977 Air Force requirement for a missile that could be launched from an F-15A fighter yet was capable of intercepting and destroying enemy satellites in low earth orbit. Four of five tests were successful before the program was cancelled in 1988.
- Asp. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1963. Sounding rocket (Atmospheric Sounding Projectile) originally designed against a US Navy Bureeau of Ships requirement to sample the mushroom clouds of nuclear explosions. Developed by Cooper Development Corporation for the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. Flight test in 1956. Designed to lift 13.6 kg to 40 km.
- Astrid. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1994. Single stage vehicle to demonstrate laser-pumped propulsion.
- Astro. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. Douglas design of the early 1960's for a two-stage-to-orbit, winged, recoverable vehicle. Two versions were envisioned - a preliminary one the size of a DC-8 and a monster vehicle capable of delivering one million pounds payload to orbit. It was assumed at this scale that Lox/LH2 vehicles could achieve stage propellant mass fractions of 88% to 86%.
- Astro IV. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1961. A two-stage all-Lox/LH2 vehicle proposed for the USAF SLV-4 requirement. Ruled out because it did not use the large segmented solids then favored by the USAF and its think tanks.
- Astrobee. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1983. Aerojet-designed family of sounding rockets conceived as a lower-cost replacement of the liquid-propellant Aerobee.
- Astroliner. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 2002. The Kelly Space & Technology Astroliner Space Launch System was a two-stage-to-orbit, towed space launch concept. Towing an aerodynamic vehicle to an altitude of 6,000 m yielded higher system performance due to vacuum engine performance, reduced drag and gravity losses, and aerodynamic lift during flight. After separation from the 747 towing aircraft at 6,000 m and Mach 0.8, the Astroliner would boost itself to 2750 m/s and 110 km altitude before releasing an expendable upper stage (4.2 m diameter x 7.6 m long) and payload (4.85 meter diameter x 7.56 meter long). The upper stage was capable of delivering a 5,000 kg payload into a 185 km 28.5° orbit at a cost per launch of $ 22 million - 40% of the cost of existing launchers.
- Astroplane. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1961. Martin concept of 1961 for a horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing, single-stage-to-orbit vehicle that would be powered by nuclear magnetohydrodynamic engines.
- ATACMS. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Development.
- ATACMS II. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Active.
- Athena. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 2001. Privately funded family of solid propellant satellite launch vehicles. Originally known as LMLV (Lockheed-Martin Launch Vehicle); LLV (Lockheed Launch Vehicle). Sales did not develop as hoped by the company after the MEO-satellite bubble burst in the 1990's.
- Athena RTV. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1977. The Athena was designed to simulate the re-entry environment of an intercontinental ballistic missile and was one of the few examples of sustained interstate missile tests within the United States. The project was begun in February 1964 with the first of several hundred launches from Green River, Utah, to impact points in the US Army's White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The vehicle would reach altitudes of over 300 km and peak velocities of 6700 m/s on a trajectory that would lead to impact 760 km from the launch point. By August 1965 85 flights had been completed in a series of 149 that was to run to 1969. The US Army ran the instrumented test range while the USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization was the program manager.
- Atlas. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 2004. The Atlas rocket, originally developed as America's first ICBM, was the basis for most early American space exploration and was that country's most successful medium-lift commercial launch vehicle. It launched America's first astronaut into orbit; the first generations of spy satellites; the first lunar orbiters and landers; the first probes to Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Saturn; and was America's most successful commercial launcher of communications satellites. Its innovative stage-and-a-half and 'balloon tank' design provided the best dry-mass fraction of any launch vehicle ever built. It was retired in 2004 after 576 launches in a 47-year career.
- Atlas V. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. The Atlas V launch vehicle system was a completely new design that succeeded the earlier Atlas series. Atlas V vehicles were based on the 3.8-m (12.5-ft) diameter Common Core Booster (CCB) powered by a single Russian RD-180 engine. These could be clustered together, and complemented by a Centaur upper stage, and up to five solid rocket boosters, to achieve a wide range of performance.
- ATV. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1972. George Detko of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center produced designs for SSTO vehicles as early as 1960. The expendable vehicle had a gross listoff mass of only 22 tonnes, and could deliver a two-person crew to orbit.
- Banshee. - intercontinental cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1945. Cruise missile version of B-29 bomber
- Barbarian MDD. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1987. Proposed launch vehicle for large SDI 'Star Wars' payloads. Expected to cost $ 400-500 million, the Barbarian could place the Zenith-Star chemical laser into low earth orbit. It would consist of 3 Shuttle SRM's, attached around a ring of six Delta RS-27 first stage boosters, which in turn clustered around a single Delta first stage booster that was the last stage of the launch vehicle.
- Barbarian MM. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1986. The Zenith Star space-based chemical laser missile defence weapon required a launch vehicle capable of placing a 45,000 kg payload into low earth orbit. Martin and Aerojet turned to their work 20 years earlier on advanced Titans for the MOL program. These earlier studies were combined with new concepts for tank construction and materials. The Martin Barbarian was a 4.57 m diameter Titan vehicle (instead of the customary 3.05 m) with four LR-87 engines on the first stage, and a single LR-87 engine on the second stage. Another variant reportedly consisted of 5 Titan 4 SRM's, clustered around a 5.8 m diameter core. This core would use 5 LR-87 engines, with tankage fabricated on Shuttle external tank tooling. The third stage would utilize a single LR87 engine. Expected cost of the Barbarian per launch was expected to be $ 400-500 million.
- Beal BA-2. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 2000. The Beal Aerospace BA-2 was a privately-financed heavy-lift commercial launch vehicle that used innovative technical solutions to achieve low cost to orbit. It harkened back to the low-cost Truax Sea Dragon or TRW 'Big Dumb Booster' concepts of the 1960's but added several new twists. Beal abandoned the project at the end of 2000 after the collapse of the MEO satellite market and active measures by NASA to support other, competing, more high-tech projects by the major aerospace contractors.
- BGM-110. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1976. Losing design in Sea-Launched Cruise Missile competition. Nuclear warhead version with warhead mass of 120 kg.
- Black Colt. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1993. Winged, first stage of a launch vehicle using aerial refueling and existing engines. Takes off from runway; rendezvous with tanker to load oxidizer; then flies to Mach 12/150 nm to release Star 48V second stage and 450 kg payload. In comparison to Black Horse, uses existing engines and a much more achievable mass fraction by only flying to half orbital speed.
- Black Horse. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1993. Winged, single stage to orbit launch vehicle using aerial refueling and lower performance, non-cryogenic propellants. Takes off from runway at 22,000 kg gross weight; rendezvous with tanker to load 66,760 kg oxidizer; then flies to orbit.
- Boeing EELV. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1992. Boeing EELV as proposed in 1992.
- Boeing SPS SSTO. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1977. In 1977 Boeing produced a vehicle design for a 227 tonne payload vertical takeoff launch vehicle to be used to launch components for the huge Satellite Solar Power platforms that NASA was promoting at the time. The booster would launch from the edge of a water-filled man-made lagoon and recover in the lagoon and used a water-cooled heat shield for reentry.
- Bold Orion. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1959. Anti-ballistic missile, air-launched from a B-47 Stratojet, consisting of a Sergeant booster and an Altair upper stage.
- Bomarc. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Retired 1982. Bomarc Mach 3 ramjet surface to air missile later converted to target missiles and launched from Vandenberg AFB.
- Boojum. - intercontinental cruise missile - Status: Design 1949. Intercontinental supersonic cruise missile. A follow-on to the Snark that was Northrop's competitor with the North American Navaho. Never reached development stage and no details available. Name obviously derived from the punchline of Lewis Carroll's poem: "...for the Snark was a Boojum, you see..."
- BQ-1-BQ-2. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1944.
- BQ-3. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1944.
- BQ-4-TDR. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1944.
- BQ-8. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1945.
- Brilliant Pebbles. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1991. ABM-missiles, SDIO/BMDO project
- BTDS. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Study. SDIO/BMDO project, Baseline Terminal Defense System (ex-LoADS), with Sentry
- Bumblebee XPM. - tactical cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1948.
- Cajun. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1976. The Cajun research rocket was developed as a dimensionally-similar but higher performance successor to the Deacon.
- Caleb. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1962. Heavily classifed project related to air-launched ASAT development. Launch tests in 1958. NOTS project staff believed they successully orbited a satellite but unconfirmed.
- Castor 4B. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. Single stage vehicle.
- Castor-Orbus. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1997. Vehicle consisting 1 x Castor + 1 x Orbus 1, sometimes augmented with a Recruit booster stage.
- CleanSweep III. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1966. Single stage vehicle.
- Cobra-BTV. - test vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1946.
- Conestoga. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1995.
- Copper Canyon. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1984. DARPA program of 1984 that proved the technologies and concept for the X-30 National Aerospace Plane concept.
- Corporal. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1962. At request of Army Ordnance, Cal Tech's rocket laboratory developed the first US long-range missiles. Project ORDCIT resulted in development of the Private A and Corporal missiles.
- Coyote. - sounding rocket - Status: Active.
- Crossbow. - air-to-surface missile - Status: Cancelled 1958. American air-to-surface missile, development started in 1957. Program cancelled in 1958.
- D-21. - drone - Status: Retired. Project 'Tagboard', Project 'Senior Bowl'. Mach 3.5 ramjet recoverable reconnaisance drone air-launched from back of A-12 or with booster rocket from B-52.
- DAC Helios. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. Douglas/Bono 1963 concept for a chemical-boosted / nuclear upper stage launch vehicle, designed as alternatives to the Convair/Ehricke Helios. The baseline version used a nuclear, recoverable upper stage boosted above the atmosphere by a minimum chemical stage.
- Dac Roc. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1963. Single stage vehicle.
- DARPA Falcon. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. Lockheed Martin all-hybrid propulsion, mobile orbital launch system that could launch from an unimproved site with limited infrastructure on 24 hours notice, placing up to 840 kilograms into LEO
- Dart. - tactical ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1958. American surface-to-surface ballistic missile, development started in 1952. Program cancelled in 1958.
- DC-X. - VTOVL test vehicle - Status: Retired 1996. The DC-X was an experimental vehicle, 1/3 the size of a planned DC-Y vertical-takeoff/vertical-landing, single stage to orbit prototype. It was not designed as an operational vehicle capable of achieving orbital flight. Its purpose was to test the feasibility of both suborbital and orbital reusable launch vehicles using the VTOVL scheme. The DC-X flew in three test series. The first series ran from August 18 to September 30, 1993, before the initial project funding ran out in late October 1993. Additional funding was provided and a second series was conducted June 1994-July 1995.
- DC-X2. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1993. Proposed intermediate 1/2 scale test vehicle between DC-X and DC-Y orbital version. No government agency was willing to fund the $450 million development cost -- and neither were any private investors.
- DC-Y. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1993. The ultimate goal of the Delta Clipper program, a prototype reusable single-stage to orbit, vertical takeoff/vertical landing space truck. The DC-I Delta Clipper would be the full production version. No government sponsor could be found for the concept and the $ 5 billion development cost was never funded. If it had been funded in 1991, the first DC-Y suborbital flight was predicted for 1995, and a first orbital mission in 1997.
- Deacon. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1963. The Deacon was an advanced solid rocket motor design cancelled at the end of World War II. In 1947 NACA began using reworked surplus motors to boost instrumented subscale aircraft models to speeds of up to Mach 4. They became a workhorse for the Agency's aerodynamic research, resulting in new production. Thousands were flown, until, by the end of the 1950's, supersonic wind tunnels took over the job. Data shown is for single-stage version.
- Delta. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. The Delta launch vehicle was America's longest-lived, most reliable, and lowest-cost space launch vehicle. Delta began as Thor, a crash December 1955 program to produce an intermediate range ballistic missile using existing components, which flew thirteen months after go-ahead. Fifteen months after that, a space launch version flew, using an existing upper stage. The addition of solid rocket boosters allowed the Thor core and Able/Delta upper stages to be stretched. Costs were kept down by using first and second-stage rocket engines surplus to the Apollo program in the 1970's. Continuous introduction of new 'existing' technology over the years resulted in an incredible evolution - the payload into a geosynchronous transfer orbit increasing from 68 kg in 1962 to 3810 kg by 2002. Delta survived innumerable attempts to kill the program and replace it with 'more rationale' alternatives. By 2008 nearly 1,000 boosters had flown over a fifty-year career, and cancellation was again announced.
- Delta IV. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. The Delta IV was the world's first all-Lox/LH2 launch vehicle and represented the only all-new-technology launch vehicle developed in the United States since the 1970's. It was the winner of the bulk of the USAF EELV orders and was based on the all-new RS-68-powered Lox/LH2 cryogenic Common Booster Core (CBC). This could be used with new Delta cryogenic upper stages powered by the RL10 engine but unrelated to previous Centaur upper stages. It could be flown without augmentation, or use 2-4 large GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. The heavy lift version used two core vehicles as a first stage, flanking the single core vehicle second stage.
- Dolphin. - sea-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1984. The Dolphin hybrid rocket (solid fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer) was built by Starstruck (formerly ARC Technology), a predecessor to AMROC. The Dolphin included not only innovative propulsion technology but was also launched from a floating launch cannister at sea. One test article of the hybrid was successfully launched in the summer of 1984. But the project was backed entirely with private funds and when backing for further development was not forthcoming, the project folded.
- Doorknob. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1959. Test vehicle developed by Sandia for aeronomy measurements during atmospheric nuclear tests. One (Doorknob-1) or two surplus Lacrosse (Doorknob-2) missile motors were mated with the payload section.
- DOT. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1981. Three stage vehicle consisting of 2 x Recruit + 1 x Castor + 1 x Star 26C
- Douglas Astro. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1962. The Douglas "Astro" was a VTHL TSTO system designed for launching space station crews and cargo by the 1968-70 period. A key requirement was that off-the-shelf technologies must be used, e.g. existing M-1, J-2 and RL-10 engines from the Saturn and Nova expendable launch vehicle programs.
- Draco. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1959. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x TX-20 Sergeant + 1 x TX-30
- Eaglet. - all-solid orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 2001-2006. E'Prime Aerospace of Titusville, Florida, conceived of a family of launch vehicles, called the Eagle S-series, using rocket stages from the LGM-118A Peacekeeper ICBM. The smallest vehicle, the Eaglet, could launch 580 kilograms into LEO. A somewhat larger version, the Eagle, could put 1,360 kilograms into LEO. Both vehicles would use Peacekeeper solid propellant lower stages and liquid propellant upper stages.
- ERINT. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Study. Extended-Range Interceptor, Patriot improvements, SDIO/BMDO project
- ERIS. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1992. Flight test vehicle for Exoatmospheric Re-Entry Interceptor Subsystem, an anti-ballistic missile hit-to-kill interceptor warhead. The ERIS vehicle itself consisted of surplus Minuteman ICBM second and third stages. Lockheed was awarded a five year contract in November 1985 worth at that time $ 490 million that included integration of the rocket. Four test vehicles were built. First launch was made on 28 January 1991 from Kwajalein Atoll against an Aries sounding rocket. A second test on 13 March 1992 against a Minuteman I was considered successful enough that no further tests were planned. Further develoment of the technology was to be accomplished by the Orbital Sciences' Aries test vehicle with spectacularly poor results.
- Excalibur. - sea-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1992. Excalibur was a subscale version of Sea Dragon proposed by Truax Engineering in the 1990's. It featured the same attributes as Sea Dragon: low cost design (pressure fed engines), Lox/Kerosene first stage (combustion chamber pressure 24 atmospheres) and Lox/LH2 second stage (chamber pressure 5 atmospheres). Guidance would be by a combined Inertial/GPS system. An even smaller Excalibur S vehicle would prove the concept and place 500 kg in orbit.
- Exos. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1965. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Recruit
- Exploration HLLV. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1989. Numerous NASA studies in the late 1980's and 1990's came to the same conclusion as the Nova studies of the 1960's - to get to Mars, an extremely heavy lift launch vehicle was needed to assemble Mars expeditions in low earth orbit. A nominal heavy list vehicle with a payload of at least 140 tonnes into a Space Station Freedom orbit would have to be developed for such missions.
- F6F-5K. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1945.
- Falcon. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. Falcon I was a two stage, reusable, liquid oxygen and kerosene powered launch vehicle. A single engine powered the first stage. It was designed for cost-efficient and reliable transport of satellites to low Earth orbit. First launch of the Falcon I was scheduled for mid-2004 from Vandenberg, carrying a US Defense Department communications satellite. Development delays and problems with USAF clearances for launch from Vandenberg resulted in the first launch attempt being made in 2006 from a private facility at Omelek near Kwajalein atoll in the Pacific.
- FFAR. - air-to-air rocket - Status: Retired 1954. Folding-Fin Air Rocket, boosted by 1 x Mk7. Unguided fighter weapon, later used as sounding rocket.
- GMD/BV-Plus. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Development. Three-stage booster for use with the Missile Defense Agency's Ground-based Midcourse Defense System. Built by Lockheed Martin Corp., the booster was one of two slated for
use with the GMD system. The system was designed to intercept and destroy long-range ballistic missiles.
- Goddard. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1941. Robert H. Goddard was the father of American rocketry. In a series of rockets flown between World War I and World War II, he solved all of the fundamental problems of guided liquid propellant rockets.
- GoFast. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. First American civilian sounding rocket to reach outer space.
- Gommersall. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1970. Edward Gomersall of NASA's Ames Research Center produced a conservative design for an SSTO in 1970. His vehicle was based on realistic structural technology and used a derivative of the J-2S engine.
- Gryphon. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 2005. Winged, horizontal-takeoff/horizontal concept space booster concept using an Air Collection and Enrichment System to generate liquid oxygen oxidiser from the atmosphere after takeoff. An upper rocket stage would deliver a crewed orbiter or payload to orbit.
- HATV. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1948. Significant Navy program begun in 1946 to develop a single-stage-to-orbit satellite launch vehicle. The Air Force blocked Navy efforts to develop it on a joint basis, while at the same time having no interest in the project itself. Work was abandoned at the end of 1948.
- Hawk. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Active.
- HEDI. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1992. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x X-265 + 1 x X-271
- Helios. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1960. Study by Kraft Ehricke of a vehicle where the booster stage contains liquid oxygen tanks only and takes the nuclear second stage to the stratosphere. The nuclear sustainer then takes the payload to orbit or escape trajectory.
- Hera. - target missile - Status: Active. Two stage vehicle used as a target for test of anti-ballistic missile systems. The vehicle consisted of surplus Minuteman 2 second and third stages (SR19AJ1 + M57A1).
- Hermes. - tactical ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1954. Hermes was a major US Army project to implement German rocket technology after World War II. Development started in 1944 with award to General Electric as the prime contractor. The program was cancelled in 1954 after $ 96.4 million had been spent. Most of this was for nought since the Air Force received the long-range missile assignment in the end.
The designs ran the gamut from short range solid propellant rockets through Mach 3 ramjets to intercontinental boost-glide vehicles. General Electric was also responsible for firing captured German V-2 rockets, training Army personnel in their use, and the Bumper project which created a two-stage vehicle using a V-2 and a WAC-Corporal. See individual entries for the Hermes A-1, Hermes A-3, Hermes B-1, and Hermes C.
- HIBEX. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1966. Hibex was a 5.2 m long test vehicle used by the Army in a series of research experiments investigating high performance missile boosters. During mid-1960's experimental flights at White Sands, Hibex was fired successfully from underground cells and above-ground launch sites. The HIBEX program was part of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Project Defender, a study of ballistic missile defense systems. HIBEX was designed for low level intercept of entry vehicles below 3 km altitude within 2 seconds of launch. Hibex' neutron-generating warhead would disable the fissile core of the incoming enemey re-entry vehicle. It would also kill all living things within a 5 km radius of detonation. This concept was further developed into the production Sprint missile for close-in anti-ballistic missile defense.
- High Virgo. - air-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1959. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x B-58 Hustler + 1 x TX-20 Sergeant
- Hiroc. - test vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1947.
- HOE. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1984. Two stage vehicle used to test the Homing Overlay Experiment anti-ballistic missile kill vehicle. The booster was assembled by Space Vector Corporation from surplus Minuteman-2 motors consisting of 1 x M55E1 + 1 x M56A1.
- Honest John. - tactical ballistic rocket - Status: Active. Unguided single-stage solid-propellant US Army missile developed by Douglas Aircraft. It was later used as the booster stage for a range of sounding rockets, test vehicles, and targets.
- Hopi. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1964. The Hopi-Dart vehicle consisted of a Hopi III booster as first stage, and an unpowered dart as second stage. A boosted version of the configuration used a Kiva motor as the first stage.
- Hound Dog. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Retired 1976. First American air-launched cruise missile to become operational. Based on Navaho technology.
- HPAG. - test vehicle - Status: Active. Single stage vehicle.
- HVAR. - air-to-air rocket - Status: Retired 1957. High-Velocity Air Rocket. An unguided fighter weapon, it was later adapted for use by NACA in the early 1950's to boost subscale aerodynamic models to supersonic speed.
- Hyperion. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1997. Series of single-stage sounding rockets using eAc hybrid propulsion.
- Hyperion 1958. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1959. Hyperion was considered in 1958 as a ca. 1970 Saturn follow-on. It used a small jettisonable chemical booster stage that contained chemical engines and the LOX oxidizer for the conventional engines.
- Hyperion SSTO. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1968. Yet another of Philip Bono's single-stage-to-orbit designs of the 1960's, using a plug-nozzle engine for ascent and as a re-entry heat shield. Hyperion would have taken 18,100 kg of payload or 110 passengers to orbit or on 45 minute flights to any point on earth. Hyperion used a sled for launch, which would have seriously hurt its utility. The sled gave a 300 m/s boost to the vehicle before it ascended to orbit. The sled would have 3 km of straight course, followed by 1 km up a mountainside, with a 3 G acceleration.
- HYSR. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 2002. Hybrid single stage rocket intended to replace multiple-stage sounding rockets.
- Icarus. - sounding rocket - Status: Active.
- Industrial Launch Vehicle. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1988. Low-cost hybrid launch vehicle proposed by AMROC in the 1980's.
- Iris. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1968. Sounding rocket developed by Navy, then handed over to NASA. Flown only four times, but then used in unique Hydra-Iris test series.
- Isinglass. - winged rocketplane - Status: Cancelled 1968. CIA air-launched, rocket-powered high speed manned vehicle project of 1965-1968 that developed basic technologies used in later shuttle and reusable launch vehicle programmes.
- Ithacus. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. An adaptation of Phillip Bono's enormous ROMBUS plug-nozzle semi-single-stage-orbit launch vehicle as a 1,200 soldier intercontinental troop transport!! The recoverable vehicle would re-enter, using its actively-cooled plug nozzle as a heat shield.
- Jaguar B-57. - air-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1961. Three stage vehicle air launched from a B-57A Canberra. The rocket consisted of consisting of 3 x Recruit + 1 x Recruit + 1 x Baby Sergeant
- Jarvis. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1985. Launch vehicle planned for Pacific launch based on Saturn V engines, tooling. Masses, payload estimated.
- Jason. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1958. The five-stage Jason rocket was developed by the US Air Force for monitoring of radiation in near-earth space (700-800 km) after high altitude nuclear explosions. Originally known as the Argo E-5, it consisted of an Honest John plus Nike plus Nike plus Recruit plus T-55. First used in 1958.
- JATO. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. JATO (Jet Assisted Take-Off) rockets came in many types and were used to shorten the takeoff of aircraft in short field or overload conditions. They were among the first practical applications of rocketry, and much early development of rocket technology by JPL, Aerojet, Goddard, and others was devoted to JATO applications.
- Javelin. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1978. The four-stage Javelin rocket was originally known as the Argo D-4 and was developed by the Air Force to replace its Jason rocket with the mission of measuring radiation in space after high-altitude nuclear explosions. It was subsequently used by NASA for a variety of high-altitude near-space scientific experiments.
- Journeyman. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1965. Five stage vehicle of the Argo series consisting of 2 x Recruit + 1 x Sergeant + 1 x Lance + 1 x Lance + 1 x Altair
- Jules Verne Launcher. - gun-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1996. Following the failure of the US government to fund further development of the SHARP light gas gun, John Hunter founded the Jules Verne Launcher Company in 1996 in an attempt to fund commercial development of the concept.
The company planned to first build a prototype Micro Launcher system. This would fire 1.3 mm projectiles (barely visible to the naked eye) and demonstrate several new technologies, including the use of three pairs of supplemental gas injectors along the barrel (as used in the Oberth gun and V-3). The full-scale gun would be bored into a mountain in Alaska for launches into high-inclination orbits. The gun would have a muzzle velocity of 7 km/second and fire 5,000 kg projectiles. The payload would be 1.7 m in diameter and 9 m long. Following burn of the rocket motor aboard the projetile, a net payload of 3300 kg would be placed into low earth orbit.
- Jupiter. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1963. The Jupiter IRBM was developed for the US Army. By the time development was complete, the mission and the missile was assigned to the US Air Force, which had its own nearly identical missile, the Thor. Jupiters were stationed in Turkey and Italy in the early 1960's, but withdrawn in secret exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet R-5 missiles from Cuba. The Jupiter was used as the first stage of the relatively unsuccessful Juno II launch vehicle, and proposed for the Juno III and Juno IV. Jupiter tooling and engines were used to build the much larger Juno V / Saturn I launch vehicle.
- Kangaroo. - sounding rocket - Status: Cancelled 1969.
- Kistler K-1. - low-cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. The Kistler K-1 was a reusable two-stage launch vehicle developed by a prestigious team of ex-Apollo managers, designed originally for launch of Iridium-class communications satellites to medium altitude earth orbit. Kistler began development but had to file for Chapter 11 protection before detailed hardware fabrication was completed. It emerged from bankruptcy in 2005, and merged with suborbital startup Rocketplane to form Rocketplane Kistler. On 8 November 2006, it was announced that Alliant Techsystems, as lead contractor, would complete the K-1 launch vehicle, with Rocketplane Kistler as a subcontractor, under NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.
- Lacrosse. - tactical ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1964. Nuclear-armed short-range ballistic missile briefly deployed by the U.S. Army in the late 1950s. Its rocket motor was the basis for the Doorknob sounding rocket.
- Lance. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Active.
- Lark. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Retired 1953. Lark missile.
- LASM. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 2002.
- LCLV. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1968. As a result of TRW's review of the Truax/Aerojet Sea Dragon, TRW became so interested in the concept that they undertook studies of their own, which resulted in a design that became known as the 'Big Dumb Booster'. They proposed structural approaches that were even more conservative than Aerojet's, e.g., the use of T-180 steel instead of maraging steel, which would result in even heavier and cheaper tankage. TRW finally obtained USAF funding for fabrication of stage sections and demonstration of scaled-up versions of the TRW pump-fed Apollo Lunar Module ascent engine. The design promised low cost access to space using low technology (steel stages built to low tolerances in shipyards, pressure-fed engines, and low cost storable propellants). But yet again neither NASA or USAF showed interest in true cheap access to space.
- LEAP. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 2001. Lightweight Exo- Atmospheric Projectile. SDIO/BMDO project
- Liberty. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1988. Private commercial launch vehicle.
- LIM-100. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1975. According to some sources, Q-100 designation was not used to avoid confusion with target drone conversion of surplus F-100 fighter.
- LIM-99. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1975.
- Little Joe. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1961. Little Joe was used to test the Mercury capsule launch escape system. The booster was designed by NASA Langley using existing components. Six to eight solid rocket motors were mounted in an aerodynamic finned fairing built by North American.
- Little Joe II. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1966. Little Joe II was an enlarged version of the Little Joe concept used in the Mercury program, used to test the Apollo capsule launch escape system. The vehicle was designed by General Dynamics. Six to nine solid rocket motors were mounted in an aerodynamic finned fairing.
- Little John. - tactical ballistic rocket - Status: Retired 1969.
- LoADS. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1978. Low-Altitude Defense System, BTDS, SDIO/BMDO project
- Lobber. - surface-to-surface missile - Status: Cancelled 1956. In 1955 Convair undertook a small R&D program to develop a resupply missile that would deliver supplies and communications equipment to surrounded or isolated Army field units.
- Lockheed RTTOCV. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. In June 1962, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center awarded an 18-month contract worth $428,000 to Lockheed for studying a "Reusable Ten-Ton Orbital Carrier Vehicle." The goal was to develop a ten-passenger HTHL TSTO spaceplane that "should be compatible with the philosophy used in the development of supersonic commercial jet aircraft and should offer a potential commercial application in the late 1970s, such as operating the vehicle over global distances for surface-to-surface transport of cargo and personnel." Lockheed’s initial HTHL TSTO spaceplane concept from 1963 was an outgrowth of an earlier USAF study with Hughes. The fully reusable orbiter would have been carried by a sled-launched booster rocket rocketplane.
- Loki. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. American unguided solid-propellant barrage anti-aircraft rocket adapted to use as a meteorological sounding rocket.
- Loon. - short range cruise missile - Status: Retired.
- LRALT. - target rocket - Status: Active. Air-launched anti-ballistic missile target composed of two surplus SR19 states in tandem.
- LTV-N-4. - test vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1949.
- M55E1. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1974. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M55E1 + 1 x SR19AJ1
- Mace. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Retired 1971. Intermediate range cruise missile. Only Cape Canaveral launches are listed here, but over 30 launches were also conducted from Launch Area Able-51 by Det 1, 4504th CCTW at Holloman AFB, New Mexico from October 1959 throurgh 1963.
- Magnum. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1996. Notional NASA/MSFC heavy lift booster design, using no shuttle components but instead new technologies from the EELV and RLV programs that supposedly would reduce launch cost by a large factor. A composite core vehicle powered by RS-68 engines was flanked by two shuttle liquid rocket boosters. Baseline launch vehicle used in most NASA manned lunar and Mars mssion studies 1996-2004.
- Malemute. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1999. Single stage vehicle.
- Martin Astrorocket. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1962. Early two-stage-to-orbit shuttle study, using storable propellants, Dynasoar-configuration delta wing orbiter and booster.
- Matador. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Retired 1962. Glenn L. Martin Co. surface-to-surface cruise missile (Matador / Project MX-771).
- McDonnell-Douglas ILRV. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1968. The McDonnell-Douglas ILRV design featured fold-out wings for improved low-speed lift-to-drag ratio during final descent and landing. All of the vehicle’s propellants were moved outside the orbiter into two large hydrogen tanks and two smaller oxygen tanks. The original concept was sized for an 11,340kg, 9.44m x 4.57m payload.
- Midgetman. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1962. Early 1960's two-stage version of Minuteman.
- Millenium Express. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1991. General Dynamics Space Systems Division proposal for the 1990 SDIO competition was a VTOL SSTO named Millennium Express. The final vehicle was a 15 degree cone with a 20%-length Rocketdyne aerospike engine. Payload was specified as 4500 kg into a polar low earth orbit. The Express could carry on its nose a payload module, a small Apollo-type two-crew seperable manned capsule, or a six-crew module that remained attached to the vehicle for recovery. The similar Douglas Delta Clipper was selected by the USAF for further development.
- Minotaur. - all-solid orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. Minotaur was developed for the US Air Force's Orbital/Suborbital Program (OSP) as a low-cost, four-stage Space Launch Vehicle (SLV) using a combination of government-supplied surplus Minuteman II ICBM motors and proven Orbital space launch technologies. Proposed growth versions would use surplus Peacekeeper rocket stages.
- Minuteman. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1993. Mainstay of the US deterrent. 1,000 Minuteman silos were built in the early 1960's, and the missile was to remain in service to the mid-21st Century. As versions were retired and updated, they provided a plentiful source of surplus rocket motors for other projects.
- MLLV. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1969. Boeing study, 1969, for Saturn follow-on. Plug nozzle, single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle could itself put 1 million pounds payload into orbit. By addition of up to 12 260 inch solid motors up to 3.5 million pounds payload into orbit with a single launch.
- MLRS. - tactical ballistic rocket - Status: Active. Multiple Launch Rocket System. Ballistic US Army assault weapon against fortifications and armor.
- MMRBM. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1964. American surface-to-surface ballistic missile, development started in 1962. Program cancelled in 1964.
- NAA RTTOCV. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1963. NASA awarded a "Reusable Ten Ton Orbital Carrier Vehicle" contract worth $342,000 to North American Aviation. The final concept from 1963 was quite similar to Lockheed’s System III design. The launch capability was 11,340 kg and the standard payload would have consisted of a small lenticular 12-man orbital transfer vehicle spaceplane for space station logistics and crew transfer. The sled-launched booster rocketplane was 32.9 meters long and would have been powered by a single F-1 + two H-1 kerosene/LOX engines plus turbojets for returning to base. The second stage was mounted on top of the booster. It would have used three liquid oxygen/hydrogen J-2 engines from the Saturn program. This fully reusable system would have had a gross liftoff weight of 548,847 kg.
- Nanosat Launch Vehicle. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. Two-stage, reusable, liquid oxygen/ethane propellant launch vehicle using aerospike engine technology and capable of delivering 10 kilograms to a 250-kilometer polar orbit. The NLV would provide low-cost, dedicated launch services to universities and other research organizations that traditionally depend on secondary payload opportunities to access space
- Navaho. - intercontinental cruise missile - Status: Retired 1959. The Navaho intercontinental cruise missile project was begun just after World War II, at a time when the US Army Air Force considered ballistic missiles to be technically impractical. The Navaho required a large liquid propellant rocket engine to get its Mach 3 ramjet up to ignition speed. This engine, derived with German assistance from that of the V-2, provided the basis for the rockets that would later take Americans into space.
It turned out that mastering the guidance and materials technology needed for a Mach 3 cruise air vehicle was actually more difficult than for a Mach 22 ballistic missile. In the end, the Redstone, Thor, Jupiter, and Atlas rockets were flying before their equivalent-range Navaho counterparts. However the Navaho program provided the engine technology that allowed the US to develop these ballistic missiles rapidly and catch up with the Russians. Navaho also developed chem-milling fuel tank fabrication techniques, inertial and stellar navigation, and a host of other technologies used in later space vehicles. It put North American Aviation, and its Rocketdyne Division, in a leading position that allowed them to capture the prime contracts for the X-15, Apollo, and Space Shuttle projects, thereby dominating American manned spaceflight for the next seventy years.
- Neptune. - sea-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 2005. Sea-launched stage-and-a-half liquid oxygen / liquid natural gas orbital launch vehicle for passengers or payloads of up to 4.5 tonnes.
- Nerva 2. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1991. Version of 1960's nuclear fission engine proposed in 1990's.
- Nexus. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1962. Early 1960's recoverable launch vehicle proposed by Krafft Ehricke at General Dynamics. Perhaps the largest conventionally-powered launch vehicle ever conceived, it was designed to deliver 900 tonnes to low earth orbit.
- Nike. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1983. Single stage vehicles consisting first of just the Nike booster were initially fired in the course of development of the Nike-Ajax surface-to-air missile. Later it was used occasionally as a sounding rocket, but much more often as the boost stage of a multi-stage sounding rocket.
- Nike Ajax. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Retired 1963. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Nike + 1 x Ajax
- Nike Hercules. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Active. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Hercules Booster + 1 x TX-30
- Nike Zeus. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1966. First anti-ballistic missile tested by US. Protoypes were deployed operationally from the mid-Pacific test base as nuclear-tipped ASAT missiles. Cancelled 1966
- NLS. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1991. New (or National) Launch System (NLS) joint NASA/USAF studies began in 1989, following the demise of the ALS. They proposed development of a family of launch vehicles using a new STME engine to replace the existing ‘high cost’ boosters derived from 1950’s missile designs. The $12 billion nonrecurring cost was nearly that estimated for ALS, and this cost could not be recouped at projected launch rates. NLS was terminated in 1991.
- North American Air Augmented VTOVL. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. North American Aviation’s air-augmented vertical takeoff & landing single-stage-to-orbit RLV from 1963 would have used external burning ramjets which, according to preliminary studies would reduce the gross liftoff mass of a VTVL SSTO by up to 30%.
- Nova. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1964. Nova was NASA's ultimate launch vehicle, studied intently from 1959 to 1962. Originally conceived to allow a direct manned landing on the moon, in its final iteration it was to put a million-pound payload into low earth orbit to support manned Mars expeditions. It was abandoned in NASA advanced mission planning thereafter in favor of growth versions of the Saturn V.
- OBV. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Active. Suborbital booster for the US Missile Defense Agency's Ground-based Midcourse Defense system's EKV ballistic missile kill vehicle. The basic OBV consisted of the upper three stages and guidance system from the Taurus orbital launch vehicle (essentially a wingless Pegasus-XL). The OBV was launched from an open pad; the operational version was to be silo-launched.
- OOST. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. Bono's earliest design for an expendable single-stage-to-orbit LH2/Lox booster. The baseline version used conventional engines.
- Orbus. - target missile - Status: Active. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x GEM-40 + 1 x Orbus 1 + 1 x Orbus 1
- Orion. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1965. Nuclear-pulse drive launch vehicle seriously developed by General Atomics in the United States from 1955-1965. The design allowed vast payloads of hundreds of tons to be hurled to the planets. By 1958 the Orion team saw themselves in direct competition with Von Braun’s chemical rockets. They hoped to a land a huge manned expedition on Mars by 1964 and tour the moons of Saturn by 1970. However politically NASA would not argue for the exception to the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty necessary to allow firing of nuclear explosions in space.
- Pathfinder. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 2003. Pioneer Rocketplane planned in the late 1990's to produce the Pathfinder aerial-refueled spaceplane. The two-seat fighter-bomber-sized aircraft was to be powered by two turbofan engines and one kerosene/oxygen-burning RD-120 rocket engine. After takeoff from a conventional airfield, it would rendezvous with a tanker, top off its liquid oxygen tanks, and then rocket to Mach 15 and 110 km altitude. There it would release an upper rocket stage that would boost a 2100 kg payload to orbit. Pathfinder itself would return to the airfield for refueling and reuse.
- Patriot. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Active. Standard Army surface-to-air missile. Later versions had anti-tactical missile capability.
- Peacekeeper. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Retired 2005. 4 stages, range: 7000+ mi., warhead: nuclear MIRVs warhead: nuclear MIRVs
- Pegasus. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. Privately-funded, air-launched winged light satellite launcher.
- Pegasus VTOVL. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. Bono design for semi-single-stage-to-orbit ballistic VTOVL launch vehicle. Drop tanks were shed on the way to orbit. Pegasus could deliver either a Satun V-size payload to LEO or 172 passengers and their luggage the 12,000 km from Vandenberg to Singapore in 39 minutes.
- Percheron. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1981. Low cost commercial test vehicle. First test failed and satellite launch project sank for lack of further investors and customers.
- Pershing. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1988. US Army tactical missile.
- Phoenix C. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1982-1988. The larger 180 tonne Phoenix design of the 1980's was envisioned in two versions -- the Phoenix C (Cargo, unmanned) and Phoenix E (Excursion -- for use as a lunar or Mars lander and personnel transport to earth orbit). The earlier versions used liquid oxygen oxidiser and two fuels (hydrogen and propane) but later iterations used only oxygen and hydrogen (varying the oxidiser to fuel ration during ascent). The designs used an 'aeroplug' in place of the 'aerospike' of earlier SSTO designs. Gary Hudson and Maxwell Hunter spent several years trying to interest investors in the designs before the company folded.
- Phoenix L. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1982-1988. The small Phoenix design of the 1980's was envisioned in two versions -- the Phoenix L (Light, cargo only) and Phoenix LP (Light-Prime, crewed). The earlier versions used liquid oxygen oxidiser and two fuels (hydrogen and propane) but later iterations used only oxygen and hydrogen (varying the oxidiser to fuel ratio during ascent). The designs used an 'aeroplug' in place of the 'aerospike' of earlier SSTO designs.
- Phoenix M. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1982-1988. Intermediate versions of the Phoenix concept were sketched out in the mid-1980's. These more conservative vehicles used individual altitude-compensating bell nozzles rather than the aeroplug baseline. Composite materials were to be used in the aeroshell and, possibly, in the propellant tankage.
- Plato. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1958. American missile, development started in 1951. Program cancelled in 1958.
- Polaris. - submarine-launched ballistic missile - Status: Active. Probably the most technically innovative program in history, Polaris integrated solid-propellant, inertially-guided intermediate range ballistic missiles with nuclear submarines that could remain submerged for months at a time. All of these were new technologies, but the first ship was underway only three years after go-ahead.
- Poseidon. - submarine-launched ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1990. SLBM, 2 stages, inertial guided, nuclear MIRV warhead, range that of twice Polaris A-3.
- Private. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1947. At request of Army Ordnance, Cal Tech's rocket laboratory developed the first US long-range missiles. Project ORDCIT resulted in development of the Private A and Corporal missiles. At Camp Irwin, Calif., 24 Private A rockets were launched by JPL, only 11 months after the start of Project ORDCIT. This rocket technology that led to later operational Corporal and Sergeant missiles.
- Project Pilot. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1958. The US Navy's satellite launcher project competed with the Army's Jupiter-C, the Air Force Atlas, and the civilian Vanguard. Air-launched satellite launch vehicle, and anti-satellite versions, tested by the US Navy shortly after Sputnik. One may have achieved orbit.
- Prospector. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1991. Single stage vehicle.
- Quick Reach. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. Family of low-cost space boosters under development by AirLaunch LLC under DARPA and NASA contracts in 2007-2008.
- RAM. - all-solid orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1964.
- Rascal. - air-to-surface missile - Status: Cancelled 1958. American air-to-surface missile, development started in 1946. Program cancelled in 1958. Project originated as Bell Aircraft Corp / AAF / Project MX-776. Requirement for a 160 km range air-launched guided missile was overcome by other technology during its protracted development.
- Rascal SLV. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 2005. Expendable rocket air-launched from a supersonic aircraft with engines modified using a technology called Mass Injected Pre-Compressor Cooling (MIPCC), where a coolant such as water or liquid oxygen was added to the air at the engine inlet, allowing the engine to operate at higher altitudes than normally possible.
- Raven. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1963. Single stage vehicle.
- RBSS. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1962. The Recoverable Booster Space System was a plan circulated in the early 1960's to use the XB-70 as a recoverable supersonic first stage for a range of systems. The XB-70 would be capable of orbiting a 6800 kg payload, or an X-20 manned space glider.
- Recoverable Booster Systems for Orbital Logistics. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. Lockheed investigated the economics of reusable launch vehicles for crews and light space station cargo during the early 1960s. Anticipated manned space activities in the 1970s included a two-phase Earth-orbital space station program, a lunar base, an early Mars mission, plus later Mars/Venus missions. Lockheed proposed four possible launch systems to support the scenario, ranging from System I, a 6-man Apollo CSM/Saturn-IB vehicle, to a fully reusable System IV with a ramjet-rocket booster.
- Recruit. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1976. The Recruit motor was usually used as an upper stage, but in this air-launched vehicle was used for re-entry vehicle heat transfer and aerodynamic stability tests.
- Redstone. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1967. Redstone was the first large liquid rocket developed in the US using German V-2 technology. Originally designated Hermes C. Redstones later launched the first US satellite and the first American astronaut into space.
- Regulus 1. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Retired 1964.
- Regulus 2. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1958. American supersonic sub-to-surface cruise missile, development started in 1955. Program cancelled in 1958 in deference to Polaris project. GQM-15A, MQM-15A planned.
- Reusable Orbital Carrier. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1964. The Reusable Orbital Carrier (ROC) was a 1964 Lockheed study of a sled-launched HTHL TSTO. The booster's rocket engines would burn liquid oxygen and jet fuel while small turbojets would be used for landing approach. The 2nd stage orbiter rocketplane would make an unpowered glide return and landing. LOX, LH2 rocket propulsion would be used on the second stage. The gross liftoff weight would be about 453t and the vehicle could deliver ten passengers+3000kg to a space station. Alternatively, an unmanned 11,340kg payload could be carried.
- Rigel SSM-N-6. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1953. American Navy pioneering cruise missile project. Development started in 1943. Program cancelled in 1953.
- RITA C. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. Nuclear single-stage-to-orbit booster.
- RM-10. - test vehicle - Status: Retired. Two-stage test vehicle to make heat transfer studies at high speed in free flight, launched from NACA's Pilotless Aircraft Reserach Station at Wallops Island, Va. Vehicle was developed by PARD of Langley Laboratory.
- Rockair. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1955. The Rockair technique (research rocket launched from aircraft) was developed by the Office of Naval Research and the University of Maryland. A 2.75-inch FFAR rocket was fired from a Navy F2H-2 Banshee aircraft to an altitude of approximately 60,000 m.
- Rockaire. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1956. This USAF version of the Navy Rockair (research rocket launched from aircraft) vehicle consisted of a Deacon rocket launched from an F-86D Sabrejet fighter.
- Rocket belt. - test vehicle - Status: Active. In the 1960's Bell Aerosystems caught the public imagination with a series of rocket and jet-powered rocket belts. Rocket belt-equipped fliers became a symbol of the future and a fixture at World Fairs, football games, etc. But the technology was too expensive and limited to ever be adopted for military or civilian terrestrial purposes.
- Rocketsonde. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 2000. Meteorological sounding rockets that could use Loki Datasonde, Arcas, or Deacon rockets as the booster.
- Rockoon. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1992. The Rockoon (balloon-launched rocket) consisted of a small high-performance sounding rocket launched from a balloon above most of the atmosphere. The Rockoon low-cost technique was conceived during an Aerobee firing cruse of the Norton Sound in March 1949. Rockoons were first launched from icebreaker Eastwind off Greenland by an ONR group under James A. Van Allen. They were later used by ONR and University of Iowa research groups in 1953-55 and 1957, from ships in sea between Boston and Thule, Greenland. A variety of upper stage rocket stages were used.
- Rombus. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1964. Bono original design for ballistic single-stage-to-orbit (not quite - it dropped liquid hydrogen tanks on the way up) heavy lift launch vehicle. The recoverable vehicle would re-enter, using its actively-cooled plug nozzle as a heat shield.
- Roton. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 2000. The Roton was a fully reusable, single-stage-to-orbit, vertical take-off and landing piloted space vehicle designed to transport two crew members and 3200 kg of payload to and from a 300 km / 50 degree inclination earth orbit. It used a unique rotor system for recovery. Although a subscale landing test vehicle was built and received enormous media attention, the concept never made much technical sense.
- Safeguard. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1972. Safeguard ABM system consisted of Sprint and Spartan missiles
- Sandhawk. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1977. The Sandhawk motor was developed for Sandia primarily for use in multi-stage rockets launched in support of Atomic Energy Agency activities. It was however flown as a single-stage vehicle in initial tests of the motor and some subsequent scientific mission.s
- SASSTO. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1967. Bono proposal for first step toward VTOVL SSTO vehicle - heavily modified Saturn IVB with plug nozzle engine.
- Saturn C-2. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1960. The launch vehicle initially considered for realizing the Apollo lunar landing at the earliest possible date. 15 launches and rendezvous required to assemble direct landing spacecraft in earth orbit.
- Saturn C-3. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1960. The launch vehicle concept considered for a time as the leading contender for the Earth Orbit Rendezvous approach to an American lunar landing.
- Saturn C-8. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1960. The largest member of the Saturn family ever contemplated. Designed for direct landing of Apollo command module on moon. Configuration used eight F-1 engines in the first stage, eight J-2 engines in the second stage, and one J-2 engine in the third stage. Distinguishable from Nova 8L in use of J-2 engines instead of M-1 engines in second stage.
- Saturn I. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1975. Von Braun launch vehicle known as 'Cluster's Last Stand' - 8 Redstone tanks around a Jupiter tank core,powered by eight Jupiter engines. Originally intended as the launch vehicle for Apollo manned circumlunar flights. However it was developed so early, no payloads were available for it.
- Saturn V. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1973. America's booster for the Apollo manned lunar landing. The design was frozen before a landing mode was selected; the Saturn V could be used for either Earth-Orbit-Rendezvous or Lunar-Orbit-Rendezvous methods. The vehicle ended up with the same payload capability as the 'too large' Nova. The basic diameter was dictated by the ceiling height at the Michoud factory selected for first stage manufacture.
- Scanner. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1966. Four stage vehicle consisting of 2 x Recruit + 1 x Aerojet Jr + 1 x Lance + 1 x Altair
- Scorpius. - low cost orbital launch vehicle - Status: Development. Family of sounding rockets and launch vehicles based on combining liquid oxygen/kerosene pressure-fed engine modules. Modest government funding and over a decade of development had still not resulted in a production contract as of 2006.
- Scout. - all-solid orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1994. Solid-fuel, light payload, lower-cost launch vehicle developed by the Air Force and NASA in the late 1950's and used in a variety of configurations over thirty years. Launched from Cape Canaveral, Vandenberg, Wallops Island, and from Italy's equatorial San Marco platform off Kenya. Italy studied but did not develop subsequent upgraded versions.
- Sea Bee. - sea-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1961. Seabee was a brief proof of principle program to validate the sea-launch concept for Sea Dragon. A surplus Aerobee rocket was modified so that it could be fired underwater. The rocket worked properly the first time in restrained mode. Later tests were made with various approaches to readying the unit for repeat firings. This proved to be so simple that the cost of turn-around was found to be about 7% of the cost of a new unit.
- Sea Dragon. - heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1962. Sea Dragon was an immense, sea-launched, two-stage launch vehicle designed by Robert Truax for Aerojet in 1962. It was to be capable of putting 1.2 million pounds (550 tonnes) into low Earth orbit. The concept was to achieve minimum launch costs through lower development and production costs. This meant accepting a larger booster with a lower performance propulsion system and higher stage dead weight then traditional NASA and USAF designs.
- Sea Horse. - sea-launched test vehicle - Status: Retired 1962. The second phase of Sea Launch was to demonstrate the concept on a larger scale, with a rocket with a complex set of guidance and control systems. Sea Horse used one of 39 surplus Corporal missiles that Truax obtained from the Army and successfully demonstrated ignition in the ocean of a rocket stage.
- Sea Star. - sea-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 2005. Sea-launched microsatellite orbital launch vehicle for payloads up to 13 kilograms and a testbed for the planned larger Neptune orbital launch vehicle.
- Seagull. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1963. Single stage vehicle.
- SEALAR. - sea-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1996. SEALAR (SEA LAunched Rocket) was yet another attempt by Truax Engineering to get the amphibious-launch concept off the ground. The project received some Navy Research Laboratory funding in the early 1990's, with a planned first launch date of 1996. A production model would have been able to achieve orbit at an estimated cost of $ 10 million per launch. As with the earlier Truax projects, it did not achieve flight test status.
- Senior Prom. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1986.
- Sentry. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Study. ABM, BTDS missile
- Sergeant. - short range ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1994. Single-stage solid-propulsion tactical ballistic missile developed for the US Army. Surplus rockets and the Sergeant's rocket motor (known commercially as Castor) became the basis for many sounding rockets.
- SHARP. - test vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1995. The SHARP (Super High Altitude Research Project) light gas gun was developed by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in California. The L-shaped gun consisted of the 82 m long, 36 cm calibre pump tube and the 47 m long, 10 cm calibre gun barrel. SHARP began operation in December 1992 and demonstrated velocities of 3 km/sec with 5 kg projectiles. However the $ 1 billion funding to elevate the tube and begin space launch tests of smaller projectiles at speeds of up to 7 km/sec was not forthcoming. By 1996 the gun was relegated to occasional test of sub-scale Mach 9 scramjet models.
- Shuttle. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. The manned reusable space system which was designed to slash the cost of space transport and replace all expendable launch vehicles. It did neither, but did keep NASA in the manned space flight business for 30 years (and counting...) Redesign of the shuttle with reliability in mind after the Challenger disaster reduced maximum payload to low earth orbit from 27,850 kg to 24,400 kg.
- SICBM. - intercontinental ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1991. Canceled. SICBM, Small Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
- Sirocco. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1966. Single stage vehicle.
- Skybolt. - air-to-surface missile - Status: Retired 1962. American strategic air-to-surface ballistic missile, development started in 1960. Program cancelled amid huge controversy in 1963 after Britain had agreed to buy the weapon in place of its own Blue Streak.
- SLAM. - intercontinental cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1964. Mach 3 at sea level. Supersonic Low Altitude Missile. Nuclear ramjet.
- SLC-1. - air-launched orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 2003. Nanosat air-launched orbital vehicle which would be dropped from a boosted F-4 carrier aircraft.
- SLS. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1960. In the mid-1950's, US Air Force-funded studies identified the optimum long-term solution for space launch. The studies indicated the desirability of segmented solids for a first stage to achieve low cost, high reliability and flexibility of basic booster size by adding or subtracting segments. Studies further showed that oxygen-hydrogen propellants, with their very high specific impulse, were a preferred choice for upper stages, where mass was more important. This choice also resulted in minimum systems cost.
- Snark. - intercontinental cruise missile - Status: Retired 1960. Intercontinental subsonic cruise missile.
- SpaceLoft. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. Series of commercial suborbital rockets marketed by Up Industries. Data given is for first-launched prototype.
- Spacemaster. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1967. Martin-Marrietta shuttle Phase A design. X-24B type lifting body orbiter with unique catamaran-configuration booster.
- Sparoair. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1966. Air-launched two stage vehicle consisting of tandem Sparrow air-to-air missile motors.
- Spartan. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1975. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x TX-500 + 1 x TX-454 + 1 x TX-239
- Sprint. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Retired 1975.
- Squirt. - anti-ballistic test vehicle - Status: Retired 1965.
- SR19. - target missile - Status: Active. Single stage vehicle consisting of 1 surplus Minuteman 2 SR19AJ1 motor air-dropped from a C-130 transport. Similar to the SVC AltAir concept.
- SRAM. - air-to-surface missile - Status: Retired 1983. Short Range Attack Missile
- SSOAR. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1976. P Seigler founded a company in 1976 to promote his design for a VTOVL SSTO vehicle using a lox/hydrogen aerospike engine.
- SSX. - SSTO orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1988. The X-Rocket was a VTOVL SSTO design by Maxwell Hunter II at Lockheed in the late 1980's. The 227 tonne vehicle was powered by clustered RL10 engines. Internal reviews at Lockheed rejected the feasibility of the vehicle. After Hunter retired he worked with Gary Hudson to refine the design as the SSX. This was briefed by the pair to Space Defence Inititive Organization (SDIO) officials in 1988. It was largely through their efforts that the US government funded the DC-X demonstrator in the 1990's.
- Standard-ER. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Active. American Navy long range surface-to-air missile. Later versions have anti-ballistic missile capability.
- Star-raker. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1979. Rockwell International's Star-raker was an enormous 1979 heavy-lift ramjet/rocket horizontal takeoff/horizontal landing single-stage-to-orbit concept capable of atmospheric cruise and powered landing for maximum operational flexibility.
- Starclipper. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1966. Lockheed ILRV design created for the USAF in 1966. X-24B lifting body configuration orbiter with linear aerospike engine and wrap-around drop tank. Related to Lockheed Shuttle LS200 proposal.
- Starclipper Light. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1968. Downsized version of the Starclipper, equipped with conventional bell nozzle engines, released by NASA for public consumption in 1968.
- Storm. - target missile - Status: Retired 1995. Two-stage Orbital Sciences target test vehicles for THAAD and PAC-3 anti-ballistic missile tests, consisting of surplus Minuteman, Pershing, and Sergeant missile rocket stages.
- Storm-2. - test vehicle - Status: Active. Single stage vehicle.
- Strongarm. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1961. A large five-stage rocket developed by the Army Ballistics Research
Laboratory with the cooperation of the University of Michigan. Consisted of
an Honest John plus Nike plus Nike plus modified Recruit plus a scaled-down
Sergeant. Fired first from Wallops Island on November 10, 1959. Could lift
6.8 kg to 1600 km.
- Strypi. - target missile - Status: Retired 1998. Family of re-entry vehicle test boosters and anti-missile targets using a Castor first stage with two recruit strap-ons, plus a range of upper stages.
- Super Chief. - sounding rocket - Status: Active. Series of large sounding rockets developed by Aerojet Space Data using the Talos booster, various upper stages, and Astrobee electronics.
- Swan. - rocketplane - Status: Cancelled 1933. William G. Swan stayed aloft for 30 minutes over Atlantic City, N.J., in a glider powered with 10 small rockets.
- Talos. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Retired 1979. American Navy long-range ramjet-powered surface-to-air missile.
- Tater. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1975. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Talos + 1 x Terrier + 1 x Recruit
- Taurus. - all-solid orbital launch vehicle - Status: Active. Pad-launched launch vehicle using Pegasus upper stages and Castor-120 first stage. First launch used slightly larger Peacekeeper ICBM first stage instead of Castor-120. Under a 2002 contract from Boeing, Orbital developed a three-stage version of Taurus to serve as the interceptor boost vehicles for the US government's missile intercept system. The firm portion of the company's contract, awarded in early 2002, was valued at $450 million and extended through 2007.
- Taurus RGM-59. - tactical ballistic missile - Status: Cancelled 1969. Cancelled 1969
- Taurus SSM-N-4. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1948.
- TAV. - winged rocketplane - Status: Cancelled 1986. USAF program of the 1980's that reached the test hardware stage and was leading to a single-stage-to-orbit, rocket-powered, winged manned vehicle. Halted in favour of the X-30 National Aerospace Plane.
- Terrier. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Active. Standard US Navy surface-to-air missile develoed during the 1950's. Modified single stage Navy Terrier missiles were used as sounding rockets, sometimes supplemented with upper stages.
- THAAD. - anti-ballistic missile - Status: Active. Theatre High-Altitude Air Defence. SDIO/BMDO project. Single stage vehicle.
- Tier One. - winged rocketplane - Status: Retired 2004. Burt Rutan's Tier One was the second manned reusable suborbital launch system (after the B-52/X-15). But it was developed privately at a small fraction of the cost.
- Timberwind. - nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1992. DARPA project. Nuclear fission engine using pebble bed reactor with spherical fuel elements.
- Titan. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 2005. The Titan launch vehicle family was developed by the United States Air Force to meet its medium lift requirements in the 1960's. The designs finally put into production were derived from the Titan II ICBM. Titan outlived the competing NASA Saturn I launch vehicle and the Space Shuttle for military launches. It was finally replaced by the USAF's EELV boosters, the Atlas V and Delta IV. Although conceived as a low-cost, quick-reaction system, Titan was not successful as a commercial launch vehicle. Air Force requirements growth over the years drove its costs up - the Ariane using similar technology provided lower-cost access to space.
- Tomahawk Sandia. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1995. Test and sounding vehicles developed by Sandia using the TE-416 Tomahawk motor.
- Trailblazer. - test vehicle - Status: Retired 1973. The Trailblazer rockets were designed to conduct experiments in re-entry physics.
- Triamese. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1968. The General Dynamics proposed an ingenious "Triamese" concept for the US Air Force "Integral Launch & Re-entry Vehicle" program. This system (originally developed in 1965 for a classified USAF SAMSO study) would have utilised three virtually identical reusable booster/orbiter element vehicles rather than develop two different booster and orbiter spaceplanes. General Dynamics estimated that the Triamese only would cost $1-2 billion to develop (=$4.5-9B at 1999 economic conditions) and be operational by 1976.
- Trident. - submarine-launched ballistic missile - Status: Active. US Navy submarine-launched ballistic missiles, which superseded the Polaris.
- Triton. - intermediate range cruise missile - Status: Cancelled 1957. American sub-to-surface cruise missile, development started in 1948. Program cancelled in 1957.
- Truax. - test vehicle - Status: Retired. The US Navy's R. C. Truax, at Annapolis, Md., developed a number of pioneering early rockets.
- Tsien Spaceplane 1949. - winged rocketplane - Status: Design 1949. In 1949 Tsien Hsue-shen, the leading expert in high-speed aerodynamics working in America, applied the knowledge learned from German rocket developments to the design of a practical intercontinental rocket transport.
- Upstage. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1972. Sprint test vehicle.
- Ute. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1974. The Ute (TU-715) motor was developed from the Genie motor baseline. Later derivatives were combined with booster or upper stages.
- Vanguard. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Retired 1959. Vanguard was the 'civilian' vehicle developed by the US Navy to launch America's first satellite as part of the International Geophysical Year. The Army / von Braun Jupiter-C instead launched the first US satellite after Sputnik and Vanguard's public launch failure. The second stage design led to the Able upper stage for Thor/Atlas, and then to the Delta upper stage still in use in the 21st Century. The original version of Vanguard used a Grand Central final stage.
- Venturestar. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Cancelled 1999. Production reusable single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle using technology developed in X-33 testbed.
- Viking. - sounding rocket - Status: Retired 1957. The Viking sounding rocket, originally code-named Neptune, was conceived in 1945 by the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) as having the same altitude capability as the V-2 but only one t
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