Russian air-launched orbital launch vehicle. Air launched from catamaran heavy-life aircraft, predecessor of later Gerakl / Molniya-1000 design. 900 metric tons takeoff mass. Release conditions: Suspended load, Mach 0.7 at 8 to 9 km altitude. Effective velocity gain compared to vertical launch 270 m/s.
Status: Study 1981. Payload: 9,000 kg (19,800 lb). Gross mass: 200,000 kg (440,000 lb). Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).
LEO Payload: 9,000 kg (19,800 lb) to a 200 km orbit at 51.00 degrees.