Code named 'Lesobaza', this was the first complex completed at Plesetsk, being declared ready for military service with the R-7A ICBM in November 1959. The complex followed the design of the protoype facility built at Area 31 of Baikonur and included its own residential area for military personnel and assembly buildings for launchers and payloads. The launchers were assembled and integrated with their payload in a horizontal position and transported to the launch pad by the railway. As operational ICBM facilities, the complex consisted of: Launch pad 1; Assembly Hall 142; and Residential Area 41. During the Cuban missile crisis (11 September to 21 November 1962), an R-7A with a live thermonuclear weapon was held in readiness on this pad for launch on the United States with an 8 to 12 hour reaction time from the go order. LC 41 was withdrawn from ICBM service in 1963 and converted to a space launch pad for R-7-derived launch vehicles. The first space launch was on 17 March 1966, and it continued as the only space-launch pad at Plesetsk for this class of booster for serveral years. It continued in service until 1989, when reconstruction began as a pad for launch of the Zenit-2 booster. The collapse of the Soviet Union ended this work (the Zenit-2 being built in the newly-independent Ukraine). Work began in the late 1990's to rebuild it yet again as the launch pad for the new all-Russian Angara booster, but funds for this were a constant problem, leaving completion uncertain.

• 1965 December 14 - Test mission Launch Vehicle: R-7A. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).

• 1966 March 17 10:28 - Cosmos 112 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 664 km (412 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1966 April 6 11:40 - Cosmos 114 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Voskhod 11A57 U15001-02 Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1966 May 17 - Zenit-4 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Failure. High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.

• 1966 June 17 11:00 - Cosmos 121 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 327 km (203 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1966 October 14 12:13 - Cosmos 129 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 288 km (178 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1966 November 12 09:50 - Cosmos 131 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 335 km (208 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1966 December 19 12:00 - Cosmos 136 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 281 km (174 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Also carried science package.

• 1967 January 19 12:39 - Cosmos 138 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 273 km (169 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 February 8 10:19 - Cosmos 141 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1967 February 28 14:34 - Cosmos 144 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92M. Apogee: 644 km (400 mi). Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

• 1967 March 13 12:10 - Cosmos 147 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 298 km (185 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Program partially completed.

• 1967 March 22 12:44 - Cosmos 150 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 341 km (211 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1967 April 4 14:00 - Cosmos 153 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92. Apogee: 279 km (173 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Program partially completed. Failure of primary SA-20 camera.

• 1967 April 27 12:50 - Cosmos 156 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92M. Apogee: 375 km (233 mi). Worked with Cosmos 144. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

• 1967 May 22 14:00 - Cosmos 161 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 321 km (199 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule

• 1967 June 8 13:00 - Cosmos 164 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Voskhod 11A57 Ya15001-13 Apogee: 317 km (196 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 June 20 - Zenit-4 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Failure. High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.

• 1967 September 1 10:30 - Zenit-2 11F61 s/n 51 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Failure of Block I stage at 296 seconds. Remnants of spacecraft and stage fell near Novaya Zemlya.. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 September 26 10:20 - Cosmos 180 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 350 km (210 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 October 11 11:30 - Cosmos 181 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 325 km (201 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 November 25 11:30 - Cosmos 193 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 756 km (469 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1967 December 16 12:00 - Cosmos 195 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 352 km (218 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1968 January 16 12:00 - Cosmos 199 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 363 km (225 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Unsuccessful mission. Spacecraft failed to separate from Block I stage. Attempt was made to conduct mission without orientation system. APO self destruct system destroyed spacecraft on 126th revolution over Sea of Okhotsk. First generation, low resolution photo surveillance; recovery probably failed.

• 1968 March 5 12:30 - Cosmos 205 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 293 km (182 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1968 April 3 11:00 - Cosmos 210 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 373 km (231 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1968 June 1 10:50 - Cosmos 223 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 317 km (196 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1968 October 11 12:05 - Cosmos 247 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 345 km (214 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1968 November 13 12:00 - Cosmos 253 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Unsuccessful mission. On 13th orbit the SA-20-1 camera's shutter responded to an uncommanded order to open. Radiation levels inside reached 3 times normal levels. 53% of the data was lost.

• 1968 November 29 12:40 - Cosmos 255 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 317 km (196 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 January 12 12:10 - Cosmos 263 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 325 km (201 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 February 1 12:11 - Meteor Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92M. Upper stage failure..

• 1969 February 25 10:20 - Cosmos 266 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 336 km (208 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 March 22 12:15 - Cosmos 273 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 336 km (208 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 April 9 13:00 - Cosmos 278 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 310 km (190 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 May 13 09:15 - Cosmos 281 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 303 km (188 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 July 22 12:30 - Cosmos 290 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 332 km (206 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 September 24 12:15 - Cosmos 301 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 271 km (168 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1969 November 12 11:30 - Cosmos 309 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 364 km (226 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. First flight with Nauka external experiment container.

• 1970 May 12 10:10 - Cosmos 344 Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Apogee: 326 km (202 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite. Partially successful. Failure of SA-10B camera on 42nd orbit.

• 1972 September 19 19:19 - Cosmos 520 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 33,393 km (20,749 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 3 - 355 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1973 November 2 13:01 - Cosmos 606 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 35,385 km (21,987 mi). Replaced Cosmos 520. Covered Oko constellation plane 3 - 359 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1974 June 29 15:59 - Cosmos 665 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 39,653 km (24,639 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 2 - 315 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1974 August 30 - Zenit-2M Launch Vehicle: Voskhod 11A57. Failure. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1974 November 21 10:33 - Molniya 3-01 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 40,095 km (24,913 mi). Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radiocommunications system in the USSR; transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.

• 1975 January 30 15:02 - Cosmos 706 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 35,365 km (21,974 mi). Covered Oko constellation planes 7/8 - 182 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1975 April 14 17:53 - Molniya 3-02 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 39,323 km (24,434 mi). Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radiocommunications system in the USSR; transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.

• 1976 May 12 17:57 - Molniya 3-05 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 37,589 km (23,356 mi). Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

• 1979 February 16 - Zenit-2M Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Failure. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

• 1979 May 25 07:00 - Cosmos 1102 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 260 km (160 mi). Zenit-2M area survey photo reconnaissance satellite used for earth resources studies as part of 'Gektor-Priroda' project. Nauka subsatellite 32KS jettisoned into independent orbit in the course of the mission. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1979 June 8 07:10 - Cosmos 1105 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 254 km (157 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1979 June 27 18:11 - Cosmos 1109 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 36,998 km (22,989 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 9 - 237 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1979 August 21 11:10 - Cosmos 1123 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 236 km (146 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1979 September 5 10:20 - Cosmos 1127 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 268 km (166 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1979 September 25 15:30 - Cosmos 1129 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 376 km (233 mi). Biological experiments; embryo development, radiation medicine. Biosatellite for the continued investigation of the effects of space flight on living organisms. Capsule recovered 52 deg 17 min N, 65 deg 30 min E. Cosmos 1129 satellite carried biological and radiation physics experiment packages from Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the German Democratic Republic, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

• 1980 April 12 20:18 - Cosmos 1172 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 38,809 km (24,114 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1109. Covered Oko constellation plane 9 - 240 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1980 April 18 17:31 - Cosmos 1175 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Fourth stage failure.. Apogee: 458 km (284 mi). Probable failed early warning. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

• 1980 June 6 07:00 - Cosmos 1185 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 277 km (172 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable (?); also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1980 July 2 00:54 - Cosmos 1191 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 34,907 km (21,690 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1124. Covered Oko constellation plane 4 - 39 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1980 August 22 10:00 - Cosmos 1207 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 256 km (159 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1980 August 26 15:30 - Cosmos 1208 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 339 km (210 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1980 September 3 10:20 - Cosmos 1209 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 267 km (165 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1980 September 26 10:10 - Cosmos 1212 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 244 km (151 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1980 October 24 10:53 - Cosmos 1217 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 38,306 km (23,802 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1188. Covered Oko constellation plane 2 - 316 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1980 November 27 21:37 - Cosmos 1223 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 34,854 km (21,657 mi). Replaced Cosmos 903. Covered Oko constellation planes 7/8 - 177 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1980 December 26 16:10 - Cosmos 1236 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 362 km (224 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1981 January 9 14:57 - Molniya 3-14 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 39,863 km (24,769 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-10. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

• 1981 March 5 15:00 - Cosmos 1248 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 531 km (329 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1981 March 24 03:31 - Molniya 3-15 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 40,052 km (24,887 mi). Replace Molniya 3-11. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

• 1981 March 31 09:40 - Cosmos 1261 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 35,583 km (22,110 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 115 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1981 May 22 07:10 - Cosmos 1273 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 258 km (160 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1981 June 3 14:00 - Cosmos 1274 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 291 km (180 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1981 June 9 03:33 - Molniya 3-16 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 40,027 km (24,871 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-14. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1981 August 13 16:20 - Cosmos 1296 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 354 km (219 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1981 August 27 10:30 - Cosmos 1301 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 258 km (160 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1981 October 9 10:40 - Cosmos 1314 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 223 km (138 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1981 October 17 05:59 - Molniya 3-17 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 39,183 km (24,347 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-12. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1981 November 3 13:00 - Cosmos 1318 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1982 March 24 00:12 - Molniya 3-18 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 38,589 km (23,978 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-15. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1982 April 15 14:30 - Cosmos 1350 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 355 km (220 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1982 April 23 09:40 - Cosmos 1353 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 238 km (147 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1982 May 15 - Zenit-6 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Failure. Photo surveillance mission.

• 1982 May 20 13:09 - Cosmos 1367 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 1 - 276 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1982 June 30 15:00 - Cosmos 1384 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1982 August 20 09:50 - Cosmos 1401 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 260 km (160 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1982 August 27 00:02 - Molniya 3-19 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Apogee: 38,841 km (24,134 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-13. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1982 September 15 15:30 - Cosmos 1407 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 309 km (192 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1983 February 10 07:15 - Cosmos 1440 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 272 km (169 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1983 February 16 10:03 - Cosmos 1441 Launch Vehicle: Vostok 8A92M. Apogee: 587 km (364 mi).

• 1983 February 25 12:45 - Cosmos 1442 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 339 km (210 mi). High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1983 March 11 15:29 - Molniya 3-20 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 38,314 km (23,807 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-17. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1983 April 22 14:30 - Cosmos 1454 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 345 km (214 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

• 1983 May 17 08:00 - Cosmos 1462 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 297 km (184 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1983 June 7 07:50 - Cosmos 1468 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 251 km (155 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1983 June 28 15:00 - Cosmos 1471 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 343 km (213 mi). Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Final Yantar-2K mission.

• 1983 August 30 22:49 - Molniya 3-21 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 38,445 km (23,888 mi). Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1983 September 14 10:25 - Cosmos 1498 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 274 km (170 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1983 November 30 13:45 - Cosmos 1511 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 332 km (206 mi). Photo surveillance; 2 small film capsules recovered in course of flight and main reentry capsule with remaining film, camera, and computer systems at end of flight. Final flight of the Yantar-2K/Yantar-4K1 series. All 12 Yantar-4K1 flights were completely successful.

• 1983 December 14 07:00 - Cosmos 1514 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 255 km (158 mi). Biological experiments. Continued investigation of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms. Carried monkeys Abrek and Bion. Capsule recovered 52 deg 42 min N, 62 deg 48 min E. The first U.S.S.R. orbital flight of a non-human primate was accomplished on the Cosmos 1514 mission. Two monkeys flew on the mission, together with several pregnant rats. More than 60 experiments were performed by investigators from Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, France, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. U.S. scientists conducted three experiments on the primates and another experiment on the rat subjects.

• 1983 December 21 06:07 - Molniya 3-22 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 39,819 km (24,742 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-16. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1984 February 16 08:15 - Cosmos 1537 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 285 km (177 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1984 June 15 08:20 - Cosmos 1572 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 265 km (164 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1984 August 16 09:50 - Cosmos 1590 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 262 km (162 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1985 April 16 17:15 - Cosmos 1645 / Foton 1 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 388 km (241 mi). Materials processing tests.

• 1985 May 22 08:35 - Cosmos 1653 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 290 km (180 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1985 June 11 14:27 - Cosmos 1658 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 36,933 km (22,949 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1481. Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 114 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1985 June 21 07:45 - Cosmos 1663 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 256 km (159 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1985 July 10 03:15 - Cosmos 1667 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 262 km (162 mi). Biological research. Carried monkeys Verniy and Gordiy. Continued investigations of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms and radiation physics research. Cosmos 1667 was the second USSR biosatellite mission with a primate payload. Cosmos 1667 also featured a large rodent payload, however the U.S. only conducted a single experiment cardiovascular experiment on one of the two flight monkeys. Mission parameters were very similar to those of Cosmos 1514. Countries participating in the mission included the USSR, U.S., France, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary.

• 1985 August 29 10:15 - Cosmos 1678 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resource tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1985 September 6 10:45 - Cosmos 1681 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1985 November 9 08:25 - Cosmos 1701 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 36,974 km (22,974 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1675. Covered Oko constellation plane 8 - 192 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1986 April 18 19:50 - Molniya 3-28 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 39,095 km (24,292 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-23. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1986 May 21 16:30 - Cosmos 1744 / Foton 2 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 371 km (230 mi). 216 orbits. Materials processing experiments. Continuation of research on materials science in space.

• 1986 June 19 21:09 - Molniya 3-29 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 38,815 km (24,118 mi). Replaced Molniya 3-20. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1986 October 3 13:05 - Cosmos 1783 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Fourth stage failure.. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 18,679 km (11,606 mi). Unusable orbit. Was intended to cover Oko constellation plane 1 - 272 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1986 October 15 09:29 - Cosmos 1785 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 37,013 km (22,998 mi). Replaced Cosmos 1596. Covered Oko constellation plane 9 - 233 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1987 January 22 16:06 - Molniya 3-31 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 39,069 km (24,276 mi). Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1987 April 24 16:59 - Cosmos 1841 / Foton 3 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 380 km (230 mi). Materials processing tests. Conduct of experiments on the production of semi-conducting materials and super-pure biological preparations in micro-gravity.

• 1987 September 29 12:50 - Cosmos 1887 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 382 km (237 mi). Biological research. Carried monkeys Drema and Erosha. Continued investigations of the influence of space flight factors on living organisms and radiation physics research. Capsule recovered 62 deg 47 min N, 112 deg 26 min E (?).

• 1987 December 21 22:35 - Cosmos 1903 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 33,733 km (20,960 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 8 - 196 degree longitude of ascending node. It was reported that prior to this, on 8 November 1987 a Molniya booster was prepared for launch in a record four days at Plesetsk.

• 1988 February 26 09:31 - Cosmos 1922 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 34,181 km (21,239 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 5 - 75 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1988 April 14 17:00 - Foton 4 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 372 km (231 mi). 218 orbits. Materials processing experiments; extremely pure and semiconductor materials. Research in material science in space (production of semiconductor materials with improved properties and very pure biologically active substances)

• 1988 May 31 07:45 - Cosmos 1951 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 241 km (149 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1988 August 23 11:15 - Cosmos 1965 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 228 km (141 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1988 September 9 10:40 - Cosmos 1968 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

• 1988 September 29 09:07 - Molniya 3-33 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M ML Apogee: 38,414 km (23,869 mi). Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

• 1988 October 3 22:23 - Cosmos 1974 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 33,413 km (20,761 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 7 - 157 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1988 October 25 18:02 - Cosmos 1977 Launch Vehicle: Molniya 8K78M. Molniya 8K78M 2BL Apogee: 33,805 km (21,005 mi). Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 116 degree longitude of ascending node.

• 1989 April 26 17:00 - Foton 5 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 377 km (234 mi). 234 orbits. Materials processing. Space materials research (production of enhanced performance semiconductors and especially pure biologically active substances in microgravity conditions). Jointly with France.

• 1989 September 15 06:30 - Cosmos 2044 Launch Vehicle: Soyuz 11A511U. Apogee: 264 km (164 mi). 29 US/USSR life science experiments conducted on monkeys, insects, plants, fish, rats. Carried monkeys Zhankonya and Zabiyaka. Cosmos 2044 was the seventh Soviet Biosatellite to orbit the Earth with joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments onboard. Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Canada, Poland, Britain, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the European Space Agency also participated in the mission. The joint U.S./U.S.S.R. experiments were conducted on two rhesus monkeys and ten rats that were flown onboard the Biosatellite. The biological payload on the spacecraft also included fish, amphibians, insects, worms, protozoans, cell cultures and plants. Last launch from LC41.