|
USA
|
USSR
|
|
4 January - NASA canceled the Apollo 20 mission and stretched out the remaining seven missions - NASA had canceled the Apollo 20 mission and stretched out the remaining seven missions to six-month intervals, Deputy Administrator George M. Low told the press in an interview after dedication of the Lunar Science Institute (next to MSC in Houston)....
|
|
|
|
|
7 January - NASA issued instructions for deletion of the Apollo 20 mission from the program - NASA issued instructions for deletion of the Apollo 20 mission from the program. MSC was directed to take immediate action to:...
|
|
|
|
|
12 January - Dale D Myers' appointed NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight - Dale D. Myers' appointment as NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight was announced effective January 12, to succeed Dr. George E. Mueller, who had joined General Dynamics Corp. in New York City as a Vice President. Before this appointme...
|
|
|
|
|
16 January - Apollo 16-19 lunar orbital science experiments revised - An MSC meeting to realign the Apollo 16-19 lunar orbital science experiments recommended that the Sounding Radar Experiment, S-167, be deleted and the Lunar Electromagnetic Sounder, S-168, should be developed and flown. Scientific-value for the exper...
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 February - Space station programs rationalised. - Brezhnev orders a cooperative crash program to build a civilian space station to beat Skylab into orbit. The civilian station (later named Salyut) will use the Almaz spaceframe fitted out with Soyuz functional equipment. Mishin's OIS military station...
|
|
|
|
|
2 February - Soyuz 9 experiment review - Nikolayev visits the IMBP to review the modified ECS required for the long-duration Soyuz 9 mission. This will have to function reliably for 20 days. The biomedical experiments and objectives of the mission are also reviewed....
|
|
|
|
|
6 February - Ye-8-5 s/n 405 - failure of vehicle on launch - Robotic lunar soil return mission....
|
|
|
|
6 February - Requirements for Apollo lunar roving vehicle (LRV) established - A statement of agreements was reached between NASA Hq. and the Centers covering the requirements for a lunar roving vehicle (LRV). Appropriate portions of the agreements were being incorporated in a revised Apollo Program Specification and in Apollo ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 February - Soyuz 10 and 11 crew selections; Soyuz 9 experiment review - Kamanin meets with nine generals involved in supervising aspects of the space programme. Only one is from the VVS aviation, the rest have artillery or rocket backgrounds. Naturally they have no bad words for the RSVN or TsUKOS. At the centre, crew s...
|
|
|
|
|
14 February - Soyuz 9 issues - Kamanin meets with TsKBEM (Tregub, Anokhin) to review issues for the Soyuz 9 mission. These include post-flight care of the cosmonauts, the fact the centrifuge is not available for training, storage of rations and the possibility of spoilage during t...
|
|
|
|
|
18 February - Kamanin opposes DOS - Kamanin recommends the death benefit to be awarded to Belyayev's family. There is to be a one-time payment of 2,000 roubles to his wife; 1,100 roubles to his daughter; 180 roubles/month pension to the wife; 75 roubles/month to the daughter; access to...
|
|
|
|
|
20 February - Soyuz 9 schedule; Soyuz Kontakt flights in limbo - It was originally planned to fly two Soyuz spacecraft in August-September 1970, but at the end of December it was ordered that this be changed to a single 20 day flight in April 1970. Kamanin was given only two days to put together a training program...
|
|
|
|
|
25 February - Soyuz 9 decision preempts Soyuz Kontakt flights - Meeting with Mishin. It is clear that he wanted to continue with the original plan for a dual Soyuz flight in August. It was Afanasyev and Kerimov who were pushing for a single long-duration flight in May. There is no action by the Ministry of Defenc...
|
|
|
|
|
26 February - Kamanin views DOS, continuation of N1-L3 with dismay - The Ministry of Defence and VVS approve the draft DOS resolution. Kamanin has fought against it. He would prefer to develop a single reliable Soyuz spacecraft model by building and flying ten more (there are only four left of the original production ...
|
|
|
|
|
27 February - DOS schedules, Soyuz Kontakt flights still in play - A meeting is held on the DOS project. The Central Committee and Soviet Ministers have directed that two DOS space stations be completed by the end of 1970. TsNIIMASH thinks this is impossible - the task can be accomplished in no less than 18 to 24 mo...
|
|
|
|
|
28 February - Failure to achieve space objectives in Five-Year Plan - Kamanin is asked to assist in preparation of the next five-year plan for spaceflight (1971-1975). He muses that nothing that was to be accomplished in the last five-year plan was achieved, so what is he supposed to put in the new one? 1966-1971 was s...
|
|
|
|
7 March - President Nixon listed six specific objectives for the space program - In a White House release, President Nixon listed six specific objectives for the space program: continued exploration of the moon, exploration of the planets and the universe, substantial reductions in the cost of space operations, extension of man's...
|
|
|
|
|
13 March - Wernher von Braun made NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning - Wernher von Braun was sworn in as NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning. He left MSFC on March 1 and was succeeded as MSFC Director by Eberhard F. M. Rees....
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 March - Shonin on report - Nikolayev and crew go to Sochi. Tereshkova is back from sick leave, and she goes there as well. Kamanin meets with Shonin, the topic: many bad reports he has received of Shonin's behaviour since Soyuz 6. He tells him to watch out, or he'll end up on ...
|
|
|
|
1970 April 6-10 - Swigert, Apollo 13 backup pilot, began intensive training to replace Mattingly - Astronaut John L. Swigert, Jr., Apollo 13 backup command module pilot, began intensive training as a replacement for Thomas K. Mattingly II. The Apollo 13 prime crew had undergone a comprehensive medical examination after German measles had been cont...
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 April - State Commission is held to review issues of the Soyuz 9 flight. - All is ready for a flight in April, but the Communist Party resolution says the flight has to wait for May. The Soyuz ECS is designed to only operate for five days, but will have to operate 3 to 4 times longer for this mission. Various problems are i...
|
|
|
|
|
10 April - Documentary film on the Soyuz 6-7-8 missions - Kamanin previews the documentary film 'Launch after Launch' on the Soyuz 6-7-8 missions....
|
|
|
|
11 April - Apollo 13 - ...
|
|
|
|
|
11 April - Apollo 13 LM - ...
|
|
|
|
|
1970 April 13-June 15 - Apollo 13 - "Hey - we've got a problem here" - "Hey, we've got a problem here." The message from the ...
|
|
|
|
|
17 April - Apollo 13 Review Board established - NASA Hq. established an Apollo 13 Review Board to investigate the Apollo 13 accident....
|
|
|
|
|
17 April - Landing of Apollo 13 - About four hours before reentry on April 17, the service module was jettisoned and the crew took photographs and made visual observations of the damaged area. About one hour before splashdown the command module was powered up and the lunar module was...
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 April - Kamanin considers the Apollo 13 mission. - He believes it was a 'true test' of American technical capability in space. The saving of the American astronauts demonstrated the robust redundancy in the American Saturn V - Apollo design, as compared with the Soviet N1-L3. The latter, Kamanin rema...
|
|
|
|
|
25 April - Spiral project not raised with General Staff. - Kamanin has been working for seven years on operation and improvement of the TsEZ Central Experimental Facility of he VVS. This includes the Volchok trainer, which simulates launch to orbit; the centrifuge facility; and numerous special test stands. ...
|
|
|
|
|
27 April - Soyuz 9 book. - Kamanin works at his dacha on his proposed book on Soyuz 9 (to be ghost-written by Mikahil Debrov). Debrov will be in Japan in May, while Kamanin must go to Tyuratam for the Soyuz 9 mission. Titov is trying to get his flight ban lifted....
|
|
|
|
|
16 May - A VVS Military Soviet is held for Soyuz 9. - The three crews all passed their examinations, physicals, and have been certified as having completed their training....
|
|
|
|
|
18 May - N1 erected on launch pad 110 west. - US reconnsat detects N1 being installed on the pad. It remained there, without payload, at least through 4 June....
|
|
|
|
|
18 May - VPK reviews Soyuz 9 readiness. - Launch is set for 31 May with an 18 day mission duration. Afterwards Serbin asks why the Soviet Union is not conducting more manned spaceflights. Kamanin tells him, because no more spacecraft have been built. And why no spacecraft, Serbin asks. Kaman...
|
|
|
|
|
19 May - Soyuz 9 crew departs for Baikonur. - Kamanin leaves for Tyuratam at 09:00 with 13 others aboard an Il-18 from Chkalov Airfield. The group included the 'space family' - Nikolayev, his wife Tereshkova, and their daughter Aleuka - with extensive photographic and film coverage. After the 10...
|
|
|
|
|
20 May - Soyuz 9 crew preparations at Baikonur - Soyuz 9 is planned to launch at 24:00. A new feature is that the crews' sleeping hours have been modified to put them in synch with the shifts at ground control over the long mission. The cosmonauts spent all day at Area 17, preparing the flight plan...
|
|
|
|
|
21 May - Dysentery in the Tyuratam garrison threatens cosmonauts. - The Soyuz 9 crew trains with the bungee arrangements they'll have to exercise with twice a day while in space. They will have to work constantly in order to fight off the effects of sustained zero-gravity. Dysentery has broken out in the Tyuratam gar...
|
|
|
|
|
22 May - Delays in Soyuz 9 preparation. - The diet for the long-duration flight is reviewed. The cosmonauts will have four meals a day, totalling 2800 kcal, with 105 g of protein, 102 g fat, 342 g carbohydrates, and 847 g water. Meanwhile problems have been found with Soyuz 9's electrical sy...
|
|
|
|
|
24 May - Cosmonauts recreate. - Kamanin, the cosmonauts, and other VVS officers spend the day at the lake 7 km from the Tyuratam liquid oxygen plant. An asphalt road leads to the recreation area. They play tennis, chess, and billiards. The artificial lake was made by diverting wate...
|
|
|
|
|
25 May - Soyuz 9 crew ready for flight. - They have completed their physical tests and trained with the survival kit. Nikolayev and Sevastyanov were caught smoking just the day before the launch. Kamanin has a serious discussion with them, for this was completely prohibited. Kamanin would re...
|
|
|
|
|
26 May - Soyuz 9 State Commission. - Fuelling of Soyuz 9 is to begin at 07:00 on 27 May. Launch will be at 24:00 on 2 June....
|
|
|
|
|
27 May - Cosmonauts go fishing. - A meeting is held at 11:00 at Area 2 in memory of Gagarin. Then the cosmonauts go fishing at the 'Lox Lake' with a television and film crew. Kamanin plays billiards with Mishin....
|
|
|
|
|
28 May - Pace quickens at Baikonur. - The big shots (Afanasyev and others) are finally showing up, just in order to see the launch. The crew completes preparation of the flight log. At night they do more stellar navigation training, including use of new electronic binoculars....
|
|
|
|
|
30 May - Soyuz 9 final inspection. - The backup crews were to train in the Soyuz 9 spacecraft from 10:00, followed by the prime crew at 12:00, but Mishin didn't allow the backups to start until 11:00. Inspectors have found 15 discrepancies in the spacecraft, 3 to 4 of them serious (incl...
|
|
|
|
|
31 May - Go-ahead for Soyuz 9 launch. - Soyuz 9 State Commission meets at Area 31 at 11:00. That evening the spacecraft will be integrated with the booster, with roll-out to the pad scheduled for the following morning at 05:00. At 17:00 the cosmonauts give a formal interview to the Russian...
|
|
|
|
|
1 June - Soyuz 9 - Manned flight endurance test. Medico-biological, scientific and technical studies and experiments in prolonged orbital flight. Inconclusive results due to slow sun-oriented rotation of spacecraft to conserve fuel producing motion sickness in cosmonau...
|
|
|
|
|
1970 June - Development of engines for N1F authorised - Full go-ahead to develop a liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen high energy upper stage for the N1F. The multi-engine Block Sr would have a propellant mass of 66.4 tonnes. In July Kuznetsov was given authorisation to design substantially improved versions...
|
|
|
|
|
2 June - Soyuz 9 Day 2 - At 09:00 the State Commission members and 36 military officers board an aircraft to return to Moscow. Kamanin, the Soyuz 9 back-up crews, Kuznetsov, Shatalov, and 14 other officers board an Il-18 for the flight to mission control at Yevpatoriya. Conv...
|
|
|
|
|
3 June - Soyuz 9 Day 3 - All is normal aboard Soyuz 9. At 10:00 there is an operational management meeting. There are worries the crew did not engage and disengage the orientation engines at the time scheduled for an engine burn. Kamanin defends the crew -- this was not a mi...
|
|
|
|
|
4 June - Soyuz 9 Day 4 - There are a total of 500 staff at Yevpatoriya for the mission, including 53 representatives from the VVS, 6 military cosmonauts, and 3 civilian cosmonauts. Mishin returns to Moscow, leaving Tregub in his place. In the afternoon there is a problem wit...
|
|
|
|
|
5 June - Soyuz 9 Day 5 - At 08:40 Kamanin discusses the solar battery problem in a communications section with the cosmonauts. Telemetry shows the system is generating 25.6 to 26.0 V. There will be an emergency situation if the voltage drops to 23 to 24 V - in that case the ...
|
|
|
|
|
6 June - Soyuz 9 Day 6 - At an 08:30 communications session Filipchenko reports to the tracking vessel ...
|
|
|
|
|
7 June - Soyuz 9 Day 7 - Soyuz 9's environmental control system is working well. Tereshkova and her daughter arrive at the command point at 14:40 after landing at the airfield at 12:00. The landing commission meets in the evening to consider contingency landings. It is repor...
|
|
|
|
|
8 June - Soyuz 9 Day 8 - During the day Tereshkova has a meeting with a Young Pioneers Group. In the evening she and Nikolayev enjoy another communications session together....
|
|
|
|
|
9 June - Soyuz 9 Day 9 - Tereshkova and her daughter return to Moscow. The landing commission meets at 20:00. The cosmonauts' activity level seems to be declining - they are drinking little water and their oxygen consumption has declined....
|
|
|
|
|
10 June - Soyuz 9 Day 10 - This is the first day 'off' for the Soyuz 9 crew on their long duration flight. No experiments are scheduled and radio communications will be minimised. The crew plays chess via radio with Gorbatko....
|
|
|
|
|
11 June - Soyuz 9 Day 11 - Things are proceeding normally aboard Soyuz 9. Shatalov and Yeliseyev prepare to depart for the Crimea to train for use of the big solar and stellar telescopes planned for the DOS station. The 15-20 day course will be attended by all 12 DOS cosmonaut...
|
|
|
|
|
12 June - Soyuz 9 Day 12 - Shatalov departs from Yevpatoriya for Leningrad at 14:35 - his father has died....
|
|
|
|
|
13 June - Soyuz 9 Day 13 - The Soyuz 9 crew has completed their 12th day but are beginning to get tired. They are making mistakes (for example putting the television camera on the wrong setting). The landing commission decides to constantly monitor the weather at potential lan...
|
|
|
|
|
14 June - Soyuz 9 Day 14 - The crew seems better today. Landing is planned for between June 16 and 19 (on June 16 the crew will beat the US spaceflight endurance record). The crew says everything is excellent....
|
|
|
|
|
15 June - Soyuz 9 Day 15 - The first communications session begins alarmingly - contact could not be made with the crew for the first three minutes they were in radio range. But then they came through, and said everything was all right and their condition was excellent. At 12:...
|
|
|
|
|
16 June - Development of TKS ferry for Almaz authorised. Soyuz 7K-TK cancelled - Decree 437-160 'On creation of the TKS and termination of the 7K-TK' was issued. In 1969 Chelomei proposed replacement of the 11F72 Soyuz 7K-TK with his own transport-supply spacecraft 11F72 (transportnovo korablya snabzheniya - TKS). This would cons...
|
|
|
|
|
16 June - Soyuz 9 Day 16 - All is normal aboard Soyuz 9, except that one of the local telemetry commutators in Ryazanskiy's system has failed. The telemetry data involved is not critical to the flight, and Mishin and Ryazanskiy allow the flight to continue. Mishin is consideri...
|
|
|
|
|
17 June - Soyuz 9 Day 17 - Today the Soyuz 9 crew set a new space endurance record. Everything is normal aboard the spacecraft, except for the failed telemetry commutator and the engaged ASP switch. What would now be needed, notes Kamanin, are new Soyuz spacecraft to extend th...
|
|
|
|
|
18 June - Soyuz 9 Day 18 - Final Landing Commission meeting is held. The primary landing site is 50 km west of Karaganda. Visibility there is 10 km, winds 6-10 m/s. Mishin wants to land 50 km further wesst, near a city with passenger train service. It is finally agreed to land...
|
|
|
|
|
19 June - Landing of Soyuz 9 - At 13:00 it was reported that the landing site was ready, 12 to 15 km visibility, 5-7 m/s winds. At 14:00 it is officially ordered that the landing commence. There are 150 technicians in the hall of mission control for the landing. Nikolayev reports ...
|
|
|
|
|
19 June - Landing of Soyuz 9 - Soyuz 9 landed at 11:59 GMT....
|
|
|
|
|
22 June - Grechko meets with the cosmonauts. - They push for production of ten additional Soyuz spacecraft, necessary trainers for the L1 and L3, more female-crew flights, and complain of lack of support from GUKOS (who agree with Mishin's approach of total automation of spacecraft)....
|
|
|
|
|
23 June - Soyuz 9 crew still ill. - The cosmonauts still appear ill, with pulses of 90 to 100 and temperatures of 37.8 deg C. They reported that earth's gravity felt to them like 3 to 4 G's after landing. They are adapting to gravity only very slowly....
|
|
|
|
|
26 June - Soyuz 9 crew improving. - The Soyuz 9 crew are still suffering from the effects of their flight, but getting better each day. Tereshkova was taken ill last night....
|
|
|
|
|
27 June - Soviet flights should not exceed 25 days duration. - The crew is recovering slowly. It is recommended to Smirnov that the Soviet Union not plan any spaceflights over 20 to 25 days duration, and that a new series of Soyuz spacecraft be built to extend experience in long-duration flight....
|
|
|
|
|
29 June - Additional Soyuz flights requested. - Kamanin pleads with Kutakhov for construction of at least 3 to 4 new Soyuz spacecraft, and necessary improvements to Star City facilities....
|
|
|
|
|
30 June - Soyuz 9 crew still very weak. - Ten days after their 18-day flight, the Soyuz 9 crew can still only work 3 to 4 hours a day. They can only take two short walks daily and tire quickly. Their pulse, temperature, blood pressure fluctuate from day to day, often being in the range of il...
|
|
|
|
|
3 July - Soyuz 9 crew feted at Kremlin. - Nikolayev and Sevastyanov finally attend their post-flight reception at the Kremlin - over 900 people are there to greet them....
|
|
|
|
|
6 July - Soyuz 9 press conference preparations. - Kamanin and the Soyuz 9 cosmonauts meet with Keldysh and Mishin to prepare for a press conference, to be carried live on television....
|
|
|
|
|
11 July - Soyuz 9 cosmonauts meet with Communist Party leaders. - Sevastyanov notes how small the earth appears from space, the same observation made by Gagarin and the American astronauts....
|
|
|
|
|
14 July - Soyuz 9 interview. - The cosmonauts give an interview with ...
|
|
|
|
|
16 July - Soyuz 9 crew presses for new Soyuz series. - Sevastyanov and Nikolayev visit GUKOS, and press for construction of a new Soyuz series. Karas and Maksimov say it would interrupt development of the 7K-S. The cosmonauts argue that the Soyuz 7K-OK is now proven, while the 7K-S exists only on paper....
|
|
|
|
|
28 July - Soyuz 9 crew tours Leningrad - Kamanin, Nikolayev, Sevastyanov, and their families take a train to Leningrad. There they do some sightseeing, visit the television tower, and make a local television appearance....
|
|
|
|
|
30 July - Soyuz 9 crew debrefing. - Nikolayev and Sevastyanov fly to Sochi to write out their post-flight debriefing. Mishin won't accept that there are problems with sustained zero-G flight, since that would wreck the assumptions on which he has based his DOS station plans. Kamanin be...
|
|
|
|
|
18 August - 82-EV test - Heavily instrumented suborbital flight to provide data to root out causes of continuing launch vehicle failures. Heavy mass model of an unspecified spacecraft used to simulate payload.....
|
|
|
|
28 August - Modification to contract with McDonnell Douglas for Skylab Program work. - MSFC issued a modification to an existing contract with McDonnell Douglas for Skylab Program work. The modification would pay for the conversion of the original OWS to be launched by a Saturn IB booster to a completely outfitted Workshop to be launch...
|
|
|
|
|
2 September - NASA canceling Apollo missions 15 and 19 because of congressional cuts - NASA was canceling Apollo missions 15 and 19 because of congressional cuts in FY 1971 NASA appropriations, Administrator Thomas O. Paine announced in a Washington news conference. Remaining missions would be designated Apollo 14 through 17. The Apoll...
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 September - Luna 16 - Lunar Sample Return. Landed on Moon 20 September 1970 at 05:18:00 GMT, Latitude 0.68 S, Longitude 56.30 E - Mare Fecunditatis. Luna 16 was launched toward the Moon from a preliminary earth orbit and entered a lunar orbit on September 17, 1970. On Sep...
|
|
|
|
|
18 September - Luna 16 - Luna 16 is underway. This is the latest attempt to obtain lunar soil Five previous launches failed, four due to UR-500K booster failures. Luna 15 almost made it but crashed on the moon....
|
|
|
|
|
20 September - Luna 16 lands on moon. - Luna 16 first placed itself into a 106 x 15 km lunar orbit, inclination 71 degrees. After the trajectory was measured and calculations made on earth, it was instructed to make its Phase 1 descent using a timed burn. Phase 2 began at 600 m altitude. F...
|
|
|
|
|
21 September - Luna 16 ascent stage heads for earth. - At 10:43 the Luna 16 ascent stage fires, thrusting the return capsule with the lunar soil toward the earth. It will land somewhere on Soviet territory within a 1500 km radius of Dzhezkazgan. The 25 cm diameter capsule is equipped with a 10 square met...
|
|
|
|
|
23 September - Cosmonaut training plans. - The training plan for DOS#1 is reviewed. The station is to be launched by February 1971. Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 11 will dock with it and crew the station for two to three months, according to Mishin's plan. This however will slow down flight test of Bogo...
|
|
|
|
|
24 September - Mishin has new landing scenario for L3 missions. - Mishin's latest plan is land the L3 in the Indian Ocean after return from the moon, but Soyuz is not rated for swells over 3 to 4 balls. Also there is no money for the needed recovery forces. By comparison the Americans have made the sea their home. ...
|
|
|
|
|
24 September - Luna 16 returns lunar soil to earth. - Luna 16 lands only 30 km from its aim point, 80 km southeast of Dzhezkazgan. There was ideal weather in the recovery area, the radio beacon worked well, and a helicopter picked up the capsule only a few minutes after landing....
|
|
|
|
|
6 October - Cosmonaut training centre status. - Kamanin reviews the work of the training centre in 1970-1971. There are 12 cosmonauts training for DOS missions; 22 for Almaz; 5 for Spiral; and a 'group' for the L3. They have flown 5000 flight hours in jet trainers. During the last two years Kamani...
|
|
|
|
|
16 October - Mishin seems to have lost his fight for a water landing on L3 missions. - All will have to be on dry land. 500 million roubles would have been necessary to fund the sea forces, and the risk to the crews would have been greater. Kamanin sees the whole bogus controversy as a diversionary tactic of Mishin's to take attention ...
|
|
|
|
|
20 October - Zond 8 - Final circumlunar flight; successfully recovered October 26, 1970. The announced objectives were investigations of the moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems. The spacecraft obtained photographs of the earth on October 21 from a di...
|
|
|
|
|
23 October - Mishin still fighting for an ocean landing for the L3. - He has recruited some cosmonauts and admirals to fight for the concept....
|
|
|
|
|
24 October - Cosmonauts oppose ocean landing for the L3. - 18 VVS officers and cosmonauts meet to discuss the L3 water landing issue. Kamanin is to draft a letter against the concept to Mishin and Afanaseyev....
|
|
|
|
|
28 October - Chelomei's 'war' with Korolev and Mishin - Kamanin meets with Chelomei. Chelomei discusses his 'war' with Korolev and Mishin. Korolev interfered with, and then finally took the manned lunar flyby project from Chelomei. Now Mishin is doing the same thing with Almaz. Chelomei had already invest...
|
|
|
|
|
28 October - Zond 8 recovered, demonstrates Mishin's L3 ocean landing trajectory. - Zond 8 is recovered only 15 minutes after splashdown by the vessel ...
|
|
|
|
|
31 October - Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10L and 15L - Despite decision to cancel immediate manned circumlunar flights after Apollo 8, the remaining two L-1 spacecraft were kept in reserve for support of the L3 lunar landing program and possible later manned flights. They were never used....
|
|
|
|
|
10 November - Luna 17 - Luna 17 was launched from an earth parking orbit towards the Moon and entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970. Luna 17 landed on Moon 17 November 1970 at 03:47:00 GMT, Latitude 38.28 N, Longitude 325.00 E - Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains). The payload, ...
|
|
|
|
|
18 November - Luna 17 lands on moon. - Luna 17 / Lunokhod have landed on the Sea of Storms on the moon. Chelomei is assisting Kamanin in securing funds for the water basin for zero-G training, further simulators, etc....
|
|
|
|
|
23 November - First lunar rover. - Lunokhod 1 is ready to go on its first lunar drive....
|
|
|
|
|
24 November - Cosmos 379 - LK moon lander test using the T2K version. First use of the Soyuz 11A511L booster modified especially for this purpose. The spacecraft made a series of engine burns, simulating the lunar landing profile. After 3.5 days in orbit, the first burn was ma...
|
|
|
|
25 November - NASA Administrator discussed significance of Russian unmanned lunar probes to Apollo. - George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, discussed the significance of unmanned lunar probes ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 December - Cosmos 382 - Test of Block D upper stage in its N1 lunar crasher configuration in earth orbit. The three maneuvers simulated the lunar orbit insertion burn; the lunar orbit circularization burn; and the descent burn to bring the LK lunar lander just over the surf...
|
|
|
|
|
19 December - Differences between VVS and Mishin enumerated. - Lunokhod-1 and Venera-7 missions continue well. The NIITsPK conference is completed, final total 88 papers. The conference has recommended a cautious build-up in manned flight durations - the next mission should be 22 days long, then 26, then 30. But...
|
|
|
|
|
30 December - Spacecraft simulator review. - Trainer review with S G Darevskiy. It is estimated that the trainers only meet 25% to 30% of the total training needs of the cosmonauts. In the next year Kamanin wants Darevskiy to exert 75% of his effort on the Almaz simulator, 20% on the DOS-7K, an...
|
|
|
|
|
31 December - UR 700/LK-700/RD-270 definitively cancelled. - Further development work on the RD-270 engine, UR-700 launch vehicle, and LK-700 lunar landing project are cancelled following the successful Apollo lunar landing....
|
|
|
